O-Level Chemistry

Mass in SI Units

Kg

Time in SI Units

Seconds

Temperature in SI Units

Kelvin -273 Celsius

Volume in SI Units

Meters Cubed

Purify a solid from a solid-liquid mixture

Filtration

Purify a dissolved salt from a solution

Crystalization

Purify an Iodine or a Carbon Dioxide from a mixture

Boil off and Sublimate

Separate 2 miscible liquids

Distillation

Separate 1 miscible liquid from a mixture of multiple miscible liquids

Fractional Distillation

Separate 2 non-miscible liquids

Separating Funnel

Separate multiple solutes

Paper Chromatography

Define Atom

Smallest particle of an element that can participate in a chemical reaction

Define Molecule

A group of 2 or more atoms which are chemically bonded together

Define Ion

A positively or negatively charged particle

Define Compound

Cannot be physically separated. A chemical method is required.

Properties different from it's elements

Define Mixture

Can be physically separated. Properties the same as it's components

Define Diffusion

Gases or Liquids mix together by themselves

Solids Properties...

Fixed shape, fixed volume, incompressibility, tightly packed, strong forces between particles, vibrate and rotate about a fixed position

Liquid Properties...

Fixed volume, difficult to compress, closely packed, disorderly, vibrate, rotate, move and collide

Gas Properties...

No fixed volume or shape, easily compressed, random motion, weak forces, vibrate, rotate, move freely, collide often

Solid To Liquid Heat Is...

Absorbed

Liquid To Gas Heat Is...

Absorbed

Solid To Gas Heat Is...

Absorbed

Gas To Solid Heat Is...

Given Out

Gas To Liquid Heat Is...

Given Out

Liquid To Solid Heat Is...

Given Out

Avogadro's number

6.02x10²³

1 mole of gas occupies...

24 dm³

Atomic Mass...

Average mass of the isotopes as they occur in nature

Isotope

An element with the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons.

Valence Electrons Are...

In The Outermost Shell

Ionic Formula

The cation with it's charge and the anion with it's charge in the correct ratios

Structural Formula

The arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Every atom wants to...

attain a full outer shell.

Ionic Bonds

Atoms transfer electrons

Covalent Bonds

Atoms share electrons

A cation accepts...

Proton (Archaic)

An anion accepts:

Electron

What state is an ionic compound at room temperature

Solid

Melting and Boiling points of ionic compounds are...

Very High

Ionic Compounds conduct electricity when...

In aqueous solution or molten state.

Ionic Compounds are...

Non-Volatile

Ionic Compounds will...

Usually dissolve in water

Ionic Compounds usually do not...

Dissolve in organic solvents

Covalent Compounds exist as...

Solids, Liquids, Or Gases. (Usually depending on their molecular size)

Covalent Compounds have...

Low melting and boiling points

Covalent Compounds do not...

Conduct Electricity

Covalent Compounds are...

Volatile

Covalent Compounds do not usually...

Dissolve in water

Covalent Compounds usually...

Dissolve in organic solvents

Ions in solid ionic compounds are in...

Fixed positions in a crystal lattice structure

Simple covalent molecules are held together by...

Weak, intermolecular, Van der Waals forces

Ionic ions are held together by...

Strong electrostatic forces

Graphite conducts...

Electricity

Graphite is made of...

Layers with weak attractions between them

Graphite is formed of...

Hexagonal Rings

Metals have a tendency to lose...

Their valence electrons to a sea of delocalized electrons

Metals conduct electricity because of...

Mobile valence electrons

Metals are malleable, meaning...

They can be hammered into different shapes

Metals are ductile, meaning...

They can be drawn into wires without breaking

A lattice of positive ions in a sea of electrons is a...

Metal

Electrolyte

Conducts electricity in an aqueous solution or molten state

Anode

Attracts Anions

Cathode

Attracts Cations

Cation

Positively Charged

Anions

Negatively Charged

Anode Terminal

Positive Side

Cathode Terminal

Negative Side

Adding A Proton

Subtracting an electron

Oxidation

Adding a proton

Reduction

Removing a proton

An Anion...

Gives up an electron and comes out of solution

A Cation...

Gains an electron and comes out of solution

At the Anode...

Oxidation takes place

At the Cathode...

Reduction takes place

Condensation is...

Exothermic

Freezing is...

Exothermic

Dissolving alkalis in water is...

Exothermic

Adding water to concentrated acids is...

Exothermic

Dissolving anhydrous(Dry) salts in water is...

Exothermic

Reaction between reactive metals and water is...

Exothermic

Respiration is...

Exothermic

Neutralization reaction between acids and bases is...

Exothermic

Reaction between acids and metal carbonates is...

Exothermic

Burning of fuels is...

Exothermic

Rusting of iron is...

Exothermic

Enthalpy is represented by the...

Energy Profile Diagram

Activation energy is...

Sufficient energy to initiate a reaction

Exothermic is...

Total energy of the products is lower than the total energy of the reactants

In exothermic reactions, the enthalpy...

Drops

In exothermic reactions, chemical energy is...

Converted into heat energy

Melting is...

Endothermic

Evaporation is...

Endothermic

Dissolving ammonium salts in water is...

Endothermic

Dissolving crystalline salts is...

Endothermic

Photosynthesis is...

Endothermic

Decomposition of metal carbonates is...

Endothermic

Decomposition of metal nitrates is...

Endothermic

Thermal dissociation of salts is...

Endothermic

Reaction between acid and sodium bicarbonate is...

Endothermic