(e) nutrition

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Biology

IGCSE Biology

Edexcel

Structure & Function in Living Organisms

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photosynthesis, equations, factors, leaf structure and adaptations [flowering plants] (2.18 / 2.19 / 2.20 / 2.21)

light energy from the sun is absorbed by chlorophyll to produce glucose (stored as starch for growth) and oxygen (as a waste product)

equations:

carbon dioxide + water →(sunlight and chlorophyll)→ glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2O →(sunlight and chlorophyll)→ C6H12O6 + 6O2

factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis:

  • carbon dioxide

    • as carbon dioxide concentration increases, the rate of photosynthesis will increase

    • since carbon dioxide is a reactant involved in photosynthesis, a heightened concentration of it will allow more photosynthesis to occur

    • however, the rate of photosynthesis will eventually plateau due to another limiting factor even if the concentration of carbon dioxide continues rising

  • temperature

    • as the temperature gets nearer to the optimum, the rate of photosynthesis will increase

    • this is because the closeness of temperature towards the optimum will allow for optimum enzyme activity, hence increasing the rate of photosynthesis

    • however, if the temperature increases too far above the optimum, the enzymes involved in photosynthesis will denature, causing the rate of photosynthesis to decrease

  • light intensity

    • as light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis will increases

    • since photosynthesis can only occur when light is present, an increase in light intensity will allow more photosynthesis to occur

    • however, the rate of photosynthesis will eventually plateau due to another limiting factor even if the light intensity continues rising

structures of the leaf:

  • waxy cuticle

    • prevents loss of water by evaporation + prevents entry of disease-causing microorganisms

  • upper epidermis

  • palisade mesophyll

  • spongy mesophyll

  • lower epidermis

<p>light energy from the sun is absorbed by chlorophyll to produce glucose (stored as starch for growth) and oxygen (as a waste product)</p><p>equations:</p><p>carbon dioxide + water →(sunlight and chlorophyll)→ glucose + oxygen</p><p>6CO<sub>2</sub> + 6H<sub>2</sub>O →(sunlight and chlorophyll)→ C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> + 6O<sub>2</sub></p><p></p><p>factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis:</p><ul><li><p>carbon dioxide</p><ul><li><p>as carbon dioxide concentration increases, the rate of photosynthesis will increase</p></li><li><p>since carbon dioxide is a reactant involved in photosynthesis, a heightened concentration of it will allow more photosynthesis to occur</p></li><li><p>however, the rate of photosynthesis will eventually plateau due to another limiting factor even if the concentration of carbon dioxide continues rising</p></li></ul></li><li><p>temperature</p><ul><li><p>as the temperature gets nearer to the optimum, the rate of photosynthesis will increase</p></li><li><p>this is because the closeness of temperature towards the optimum will allow for optimum enzyme activity, hence increasing the rate of photosynthesis</p></li><li><p>however, if the temperature increases too far above the optimum, the enzymes involved in photosynthesis will denature, causing the rate of photosynthesis to decrease</p></li></ul></li><li><p>light intensity</p><ul><li><p>as light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis will increases</p></li><li><p>since photosynthesis can only occur when light is present, an increase in light intensity will allow more photosynthesis to occur</p></li><li><p>however, the rate of photosynthesis will eventually plateau due to another limiting factor even if the light intensity continues rising</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p><p>structures of the leaf:</p><ul><li><p>waxy cuticle</p><ul><li><p>prevents loss of water by evaporation + prevents entry of disease-causing microorganisms</p></li></ul></li><li><p>upper epidermis</p><ul><li><p></p></li></ul></li><li><p>palisade mesophyll</p><ul><li><p></p></li></ul></li><li><p>spongy mesophyll</p><ul><li><p></p></li></ul></li><li><p>lower epidermis</p><ul><li><p></p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
2
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[flowering plants] (2.22)

3
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[flowering plants] (2.23)

4
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[humans] (2.24)

5
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[humans] (2.25)

6
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[humans] (2.26)

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[humans] (2.27)

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[humans] (2.28)

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[humans] (2.29)

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[humans] (2.30)

11
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[humans] (2.31)

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[humans] (2.32)

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[humans] (2.33B)