PURPCOM LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS

Ethnocentrism

Introduced by Sumner in 1906. the belief that your cultural or ethnic group is superior to all other cultural and ethnic groups (Myers, 2014).

Cultural Relativism

The acceptance of other cultural groups as equal in value to one’s own.

Tom McArthur’s Circle of World Englishes 1987

Kachru’s “Circles” Theory

Kachru’s “Circles” Theory

Many varieties of English are found across the globe. Kachru (1992) has classified these varieties as those used in the ‘inner circle’, the ‘outer circle’, and the ‘expanding circle’

Classification of Englishes

New Englishes

Africa

○Kenyan English

○Nigerian English

South Asia

○Indian English

○Lankan English

○Pakistani English

Southeast Asia

○Filipino English

○Malaysian English

○Singpore English

Etc

Classification of Englishes

Old Englishes

North America

○American English

○Canadian English

Great Britain

○English English

○Scots

Northern Ireland and the

Republic of Ireland

○Irish English

Southern Indian and

Pacific Oceans

○Australian English

○New Zealand English

Etc.

Classification of Englishes

English-based, Pidgins, Creoles and Decreolized varieties

Africa

○West African Pidgin

Papua New Guinea

○Tok Pisin

Sierra Leone

○Krio

USA

○Black English

Vernacular

○Hawaii English Creole

Vanuatu

○Bislama

Etc

Philippine English (PhE)

Joins other new Englishes, which are usually juxtaposed against the “older” Englishes (i.e, British, American, and Australian)

Philippine English (PhE)

Belongs to the group of countries where English is spoken as a second/official language (Kachru’s Outer Circle model)

Culture

a system of knowledge, beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that are acquired, shared, and used by members during daily living.

Co-cultures

groups of persons who differ in some ethnic or sociological way from the parent culture.

Being Culturally Appropriate

International communication

communication between persons representing different nations

Being Culturally Appropriate

Intra-cultural communication

interactions with members of the same racial or ethnic groups or co-culture as yours.

Being Culturally Appropriate

Intercultural communication

interaction with individuals from different cultures

Being Culturally Appropriate

Interracial communication

the interpreting and sharing of meanings with individuals from different races

Being Culturally Appropriate

Interethnic communication

interaction with individuals of different ethnic origins.

How do People Respond?

Assimilation

the means by which co-culture members attempt to fit in with members of the dominant culture.

How do People Respond?

Accomodation

the means by which co-culture members maintain their cultural identity while striving to establish relationships with members of the dominant culture.

How do People Respond?

Separation

the means by which co-culture members use to resist interacting with members of the dominant culture.