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Cellular immune responses
________ focus on recognizing antigens that have already entered a cell.
Chemokines
________ induce leukocytes to migrate to areas of infection of tissue damage where they can begin to act against an infection.
IgM
________ makes up 6 % of the antibodies in serum and has a pentamer structure.
Lipids
________ and nucleic acids are usually antigenic only when combined with proteins and antibodies will react with the hapten independent of the carrier molecule.
Interleukins
________ serve as communications primarily between leukocytes.
Macrophages
________ are usually found in a resting state.
IgA accounts
________ for only about 13 % of the antibodies in serum, but it is by far the most common form in mucous membranes and in body secretion such as mucus, salvica, tears, and breast milk.
Humoral immune actions
________ take place in the extracellular spaces within the body.
Interferons
________ were originally named for one of their functions: the ability to interfere with viral infections in host cells.
IgE
________ constitute only 0.002 % of the total serum antibodies and bind tightly by their Fc regions to receptors on mast cells and basophils.
Cytokines
________ are soluble proteins or glycoproteins.
injection of antibodies
Artificially acquired immunity involves the ________ into the body.
Opsonization
________ is the coating of antigens with antibodies or complement proteins.
Clonal expansion
________ is the process that allows activated B cells to produce plasma cells that make antibodies as well as memory cells.
IgD
________ makes up only about 0.02 % of the total serum antibodies.
Substances
________ that induce production of antibodies are called antigens.
adaptive immune system
The ________ comes into play only when innate defenses such as skin fail to stop a microbe.
Monomer
________ is a bivalent antibody that has the simplest molecular structure.
Peyers patches
________ are secondary lymphoid organs located on the intestinal wall.
harmless version
A vaccine formulated with a(n) ________ of a pathogen incites an adaptive response which allows for people to become immune to illnesses without any danger of a full- blown infection.
Vaccination
________ (immunization): a procedure that harnesses the adaptive immune response.
Hematopoietic cytokines help
________ control the pathways by which stem cells develop into red blood cells or different white blood cells.
T cells
________ are classified by certain glycoproteins on their cell surface called clusters of differentiation or CD.
APC displays
The ________ digested antigen fragments on its surface by surface by combining them with its major histocompatibility complex.
combat foreign molecules
Antibodies (immunoglobulin) ________ called antigens.
T independent antigens
________ stimulate B cells directly, without the help of T cells.
antibody
When a(n) ________ encounters an antigen for which it is specific, their binding forms an antigen- antibody complex.
Primary response
________: the first time the adaptive immune system meets and combats a particular antigen.
soluble proteins
Antibodies are compact, relatively ________.
Overabundance of cytokines
________ can do significant damage to tissues which appears as a factor in the pathology of certain diseases such as influenza.
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
________ are not capable of attacking target cells as they emerge from the thymus as cells.
passive immunity
When an individual is given artificially acquired ________, it confers an immediate passive protection against the disease.
Immunity
________ is acquired actively when a person is exposed to microorganisms or foreign substances and the immune system responds.
Cytokines
________ only acts on a cell that has a receptor for it.
Vaccines
________ introduce antigens to the body.
Antibodies
________ may trigger activation of the complement system.
Vaccination (immunization)
a procedure that harnesses the adaptive immune response
Primary response
the first time the adaptive immune system meets and combats a particular antigen
Humoral Immunity
immune actions taking place in these extracellular fluids, brought about by protective molecules called antibodies
Interferons were originally named for one of their functions
the ability to interfere with viral infections in host cells
Note 
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