Chapter 17: Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host

Cellular immune responses

________ focus on recognizing antigens that have already entered a cell.

Chemokines

________ induce leukocytes to migrate to areas of infection of tissue damage where they can begin to act against an infection.

IgM

________ makes up 6 % of the antibodies in serum and has a pentamer structure.

Lipids

________ and nucleic acids are usually antigenic only when combined with proteins and antibodies will react with the hapten independent of the carrier molecule.

Interleukins

________ serve as communications primarily between leukocytes.

Macrophages

________ are usually found in a resting state.

IgA accounts

________ for only about 13 % of the antibodies in serum, but it is by far the most common form in mucous membranes and in body secretion such as mucus, salvica, tears, and breast milk.

Humoral immune actions

________ take place in the extracellular spaces within the body.

Interferons

________ were originally named for one of their functions: the ability to interfere with viral infections in host cells.

IgE

________ constitute only 0.002 % of the total serum antibodies and bind tightly by their Fc regions to receptors on mast cells and basophils.

Cytokines

________ are soluble proteins or glycoproteins.

injection of antibodies

Artificially acquired immunity involves the ________ into the body.

Opsonization

________ is the coating of antigens with antibodies or complement proteins.

Clonal expansion

________ is the process that allows activated B cells to produce plasma cells that make antibodies as well as memory cells.

IgD

________ makes up only about 0.02 % of the total serum antibodies.

Substances

________ that induce production of antibodies are called antigens.

adaptive immune system

The ________ comes into play only when innate defenses such as skin fail to stop a microbe.

Monomer

________ is a bivalent antibody that has the simplest molecular structure.

Peyers patches

________ are secondary lymphoid organs located on the intestinal wall.

harmless version

A vaccine formulated with a(n) ________ of a pathogen incites an adaptive response which allows for people to become immune to illnesses without any danger of a full- blown infection.

Vaccination

________ (immunization): a procedure that harnesses the adaptive immune response.

Hematopoietic cytokines help

________ control the pathways by which stem cells develop into red blood cells or different white blood cells.

T cells

________ are classified by certain glycoproteins on their cell surface called clusters of differentiation or CD.

APC displays

The ________ digested antigen fragments on its surface by surface by combining them with its major histocompatibility complex.

combat foreign molecules

Antibodies (immunoglobulin) ________ called antigens.

T independent antigens

________ stimulate B cells directly, without the help of T cells.

antibody

When a(n) ________ encounters an antigen for which it is specific, their binding forms an antigen- antibody complex.

Primary response

________: the first time the adaptive immune system meets and combats a particular antigen.

soluble proteins

Antibodies are compact, relatively ________.

Overabundance of cytokines

________ can do significant damage to tissues which appears as a factor in the pathology of certain diseases such as influenza.

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

________ are not capable of attacking target cells as they emerge from the thymus as cells.

passive immunity

When an individual is given artificially acquired ________, it confers an immediate passive protection against the disease.

Immunity

________ is acquired actively when a person is exposed to microorganisms or foreign substances and the immune system responds.

Cytokines

________ only acts on a cell that has a receptor for it.

Vaccines

________ introduce antigens to the body.

Antibodies

________ may trigger activation of the complement system.

Vaccination (immunization)

a procedure that harnesses the adaptive immune response

Primary response

the first time the adaptive immune system meets and combats a particular antigen

Humoral Immunity

immune actions taking place in these extracellular fluids, brought about by protective molecules called antibodies

Interferons were originally named for one of their functions

the ability to interfere with viral infections in host cells