Biochem

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Last updated 3:36 PM on 9/7/26
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35 Terms

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Animal Cell Diameter

10-100 micrometers

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Human Body Composition (elements)

C: 61.7% (~60%)

N: 11.0% (~10%)

O: 9.3% (~10%)

H: 5.7% (~5%)

Ca: 5.0%

P: 3.3% (~3%)

K: 1.3% (~1%)

S: 1.0% (~1%)

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Amine

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Alcohol (Hydroxyl Group)

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Thiol (sulfhydryl group)

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Aldehyde (Carbonyl Group)

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Ketone (Carbonyl Group)

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Carboxylic Acid (Carboxyl or Carboxylate Group)

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Ester (Acyl Group)

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Thioester (Acyl group)

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Amide (amido or Acyl group)

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Imine, Schiff Base (imino group)

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Imine, Schiff Base (imino group)

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Phosphate ester (phosphoryl group)

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Diphosphate ester (phosphoanhydride group)

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Phosphate diester (phosphodiester linkage/bond)

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Ion-charge- (Dipole-Charge)
Strength: 40-600

<p>Ion-charge- (Dipole-Charge)<br>Strength: 40-600</p>
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Hydrogen Bond

Strength: 10-40

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Dipole-Dipole Charge
Strength: 5-25

<p>Dipole-Dipole Charge<br>Strength: 5-25</p>
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Ion Charge (Polarizable e- cloud)

Strength: 3-15

<p>Ion Charge (Polarizable e- cloud)</p><p>Strength: 3-15</p>
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Dipole Charge (polarizable e- cloud)
Strength: 2-10

<p>Dipole Charge (polarizable e- cloud)<br>Strength: 2-10</p>
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London/Dispersion Forces (2 polarizable e- clouds)
Strength: 0.05-40

<p>London/Dispersion Forces (2 polarizable e- clouds)<br>Strength: 0.05-40</p>
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O-H Bond Dissociation Energy

470 kJ/mol

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H bond length

Strong: 2.6-3.0 A
Moderate: 3.0-3.2 A
Weak: 3.2-3.5 A
Van Der Waals: 3.5+

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H Bond Angles

Strong: 170-180 degrees

Moderate: 150-170 degrees

Weak: 120-170 degrees

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G - H - T*S

G = Gibbs Energy, Positive if Spontaneous
H = Enthalpy, Total Heat Content

T = Absolute Temperature
S = Entropy

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Ka definition

How easily a molecule gives up protons in water, acid dissociation constant

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4 main weak interactions in water

Hydrogen Bonding
Ionic Interactions
Hydrophobic Interactions
Van Der Waals Interactions

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Isomer forms of Amin. Acids

D, L. L is most common biologically.

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Nonpolar Aliphatic Amin. Acid Properties

Hydrophobic, stabilize proteins

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Aromatic Amin. Acid Properties

Nonpolar, Hydrophobic.
Tyrosine’s hydroxyl group can hydrogen bond

Absorb Ultraviolet light

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Polar (Uncharged) Amin Acid Properties

Soluble in water

Cyestine is outlier, hydrogen bonding with oxy/nitrogen

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Positive Amin Acid Properties

Most Hydrophilic

Histidine is near-neutral pH, acts as buffer.

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Zwitterion Appearence

Acidic: Excess of H+ ions
Basic: Scarcity of H+ ions

COOH lost before NH3+

<p>Acidic: Excess of H+ ions<br>Basic: Scarcity of H+ ions</p><p>COOH lost before NH3+</p>
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Aminos with RpKa:

Cyestine (intermediate), Tyrosine (final)

All positive/negative aminos