Kines 203 L13 Nervous System and Mental Health

Central nervous system

the brain and the spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

the nerves that come from the spinal cord to the rest of the body enabling movement, sensations, and involuntary movements

autonomic nervous system

involuntary controls, includes smooth muscle control; sometimes referred to as the visceral nervous system

somatic nervous system

includes all of the skeletal muscle in the body, primarily under volitional control

somatic neurons

voluntary movement

autonomic neurons

involuntary movement

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

parasympathetic nervous system

body maintenance

soma

the body of the neuron

dendrites

carry electrical impulses towards the body

axon

carries electrical impulses away from the body

afferent

towards the nervous system (sensory)

efferent

away from the nervous system (motor)

interneurons

smaller neurons that connect two or more neurons together

synapse

whenever we have electrical transmission between neurons, or between a neuron and a muscle for example

acetylcholine

the main neurotransmitter

31

how many spinal nerves come off the spinal cord

8

how many cervical spinal nerves are there

12

how many thoracic spinal nerves are there

5

how many lumbar spinal nerves are there

5

how many sacral nerves are there

1

how many coccyx nerves are there

mixed nerve

every nerve that comes off the spinal cord is call this which means there’s are dorsal root and ventral root

dorsal root

where our sensory (afferent) signals are sent towards the central nervous system

ventral root

where our motor (efferent) signals are sent away from the central nervous system

cerebrum

largest part of the brain, made up of sulci and gyri

diencephalon

made up of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland; control region of the brain because it controls everything that happens through homeostasis

brainstem

made up of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata; where a lot of our sensory actions happen, the control of heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, hearing, and vision are examples

cerebellum

where we have posture and balance control

ventricles

where cerebrospinal fluid is produced and stored

dura mater

layer protecting the brain that is closest to the skull bone

arachnoid mater

middle layer protecting the brain

pia matter

layer protecting the brain that is closest to the brain

neuro

root for nervous system, nervous tissue, or nerve

glio

root for neuroglia

ganglio

root for ganglion

meningo

root for meninges

myelo

root for spinal cord or bone marrow

radiculo

root for spinal nerve

encephalo

root for brain

cerebro

root for cerebrum

cortico

root for cerebral cortex

cerebello

root for cerebellum

thalamo

root for thalamus

ventriculo

root for ventricle or cavity

medullo

root for medulla oblongata

psycho

root for mind

narco

root for stupor

somno

root for sleep

-phasia

suffix for speech

-lalia

second suffix for speech

-lexia

suffix for reading

-plegia

suffix for paralysis

-paresis

suffix for partial paralysis, weakness

-lepsy

suffix for seizure

-phobia

suffix for persistent, irrational fear

-mania

suffix for excited state, obsession

cerebrovascular accident

the medical term for stroke

stroke

any occurrence that deprives the brain of oxygen; can be caused by a rupture of a vessel inside the brain, a rupture of a vessel leading to the brain, or a blockage of a vessel inside or leading up to the brain

lateralization

the right side of the brain controls the let side of the body and vice versa

dysarthria

when someone loses the ability to speak or has slurred speech

hemiplegia

a paralysis on one side of the body

hemiparalysis

loss of sensation on one side of the body

thrombosis

a blood clot in any vessel

embolism

either a blood clot, air bubble, piece of bacteria, or piece of plaque that is moving through the circulatory system and blocks itself so that blood cannot flow from the heart

aneurysm

when a blood vessel balloons out usually due to high blood pressure; can rupture and cause widespread hemorrhage

contracoup

a french word that refers to an opposite-side injury

mechanism

an important aspect when evaluating an injury; how the injury happened

cerebral contusion

a medical term for a bruise to the brain

hematoma

a collection of blood

epidural hematoma

a collection of blood on top of the dura mater between the skull and dura; usually an arterial bleed

subdural hematoma

a hematoma that occurs right under the dura mater; venous bleeding

confusion

a state of reduced comprehension, but they are conscious

coma

a state of unconsciousness

concussion

a transient (temporary) loss of brain function

meningitis

an inflammation of the meninges that can be caused by either a bacterial or viral infection

lumbar puncture

where we sample cerebrospinal fluid from the lumbar region of the spine

encephalitis

an inflammation of the brain most often in the cerebral hemispheres caused by viruses

shingles

caused by the Herpes Zoster virus

neoplasms

abnormal tissue growth; glioma, meningiomas

meningiomas

a tumor in or around the dura, arachnoid, or pia mater

multiple sclerosis (MS)

a loss of myelin in the central nervous system

signs and symptoms of MS

things that used to be quick are now slowed down, differences in coordination, differences in hand movement, differences in hand-eye coordination, differences in gait, differences in problems with vision, and tremors

Parkinson’s disease

a specific condition where the neurons fail to secrete dopamine (neurotransmitter)

signs and symptoms of parkinson’s disease

muscular tremor, muscular rigidity, bradykinesia (slowing of movement), shuffled gait, depression

Alzheimer’s

a degeneration fo the neurons of the cerebral cortex

cerebral cortex

the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres where a lot of our higher-order thinking and memory occur

multi-infarct dementia

another form of dementia caused by a decrease in blood flow to the brain from multiple small strokes

epilepsy

a seizure disorder brought on by abnormal electrical activity in the brain

petite mol or absence seizures

mild seizures

grand mal seizures

major seizures; usually occur for longer than 30 seconds

insomnia

insufficient sleep

narcolepsy

uncontrolled attacks of sleep during the day

sleep apnea

the failure to breathe for times or multiple times during rapid eye movement or non-rapid eye movement sleep

generalized anxiety disorder

chronic, excessive, and uncontrollable worry

panic disorder

anxiety with episodes of intense fear

phobias

extreme, persistent fears centered around objects or situations

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

a condition with repetitive behaviors to relieve anxiety

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

caused by a highly stressful, catastrophic event; often associated with other emotional problems

depression

usually coexists with physical or emotional conditions; consists of feelings of sadness, hopelessness, lack of interest, insomnia, loss of appetite, suicidal tendencies