Ap world histroy finals unit 1-4

Paleolithic age

Earliest period of human history

Did people know how to farm during the Paleolithic Age

No

How did people from the Paleolithic age survive

Followed game animals and ripe fruit

Nomads

Invented clothing, made tools,

• moved from place to place in search of food

Neolithic age

• Invented farming

• domesticated animals

• Developed the 1st calendars

• Emergence of civilizations

Hammurabi code of law

An eye for an eye

• first major collection of laws

• Protected the powerless (women and slaves)

Shang Dynasty

Controlled near huang He river

• used pictograph as and ideographs as a from of writing

• Used Oracle bones (turtle shell) to predict the future

Zhou Dynasty

• justified their rebellion against the Shang Zhou using the idea of the Mandate of Heaven

Mandate of Heaven

Divine right to rule

• signs that a dynasty lost the favor of heaven was floods and famine

Feudalism

Kings granted lands and protection to noble for loyalty/military service

Qin dynasty

Shi huangdi favored legalism

• tomb of the terra-cotta soldiers

• Built the Great Wall of china

Han dynasty

One of the most durable dynasties

• Wu Ti supported Confucianism

Confucius

Wasn’t interested in religious matters but worldly goals

• people were naturally good

• Best rulers were virtous man who lef by example

• Promoted harmony in society

Confucianism

• Focused on achieving harmony, stability and a virtuous crockery through moral cultivation

• Expect for elders

• Education

Filial piety

Respect for people

Civil service exams

Used to recruit government officials by merit not by birth status

Hinduism

The intimate goals was achieving moksha (union w/brahman)

No single founder and no sigle sacred text

• Polytheistic

• believed in karma, dharma, ahimsa, reincarnation, and the caste system

Karma

All action (+,-) that affect a person fate

Caste system

Positon of a person in Indian society

• a Hindu could only move up 1 caste in a life

Dharma

The religious and moral duties of an individual

Ahimsa

Principle of nonviolence

Buddhism

• rejected the caste system priests, rituals and many Hindu gods

• Believed in ahimsa, dharma, Karma, reincarnation

• Ultimate goal was to reach nirvanca

Athenian democracy

• first democracy

• Male citizens voted on laws

• Excluded women, slaves and foreigners

• Glorification of the individual

Pax Mongolia

200 years of roman peace

Roman senate

• teh dominant political body during he republic

• Composed of wealthy aristocrates

• Controlled finances and guided rulers

Monotheism

The belief in teh existence of one god

• Judaism , Christianity, Islam

632

The rise of islam

Sunni

Caliphs were the right political and military leaders selected by the community

• Ottoman Empire

Shia

Caliphs should be Muhammad’s blood relatives

Sufi

• focused on mystical and personal experiences of god

• Some of the Sunni and Shia people are also this religion

• Missionary’s

Why did islam spread quickly

• clear and simple

• Mono

• Didn’t need a church to practice their faith

• Promise of afterlife

• Didn’t force people to convert

5 pillars of islam

Allah (god

• alms (giving to the poor)

• Pray 5x a day facing Mecca

• Fast during ramadan

• Hajj

Islam in India 490

Buddhist an low caste Hindus Converted to islam because i was more equal and to avoid the jizya tax

Didn’t dominate fully because the cultural divide was to big

• Hindu: poly while islam: mono

Jizya tax

The tax on non Muslim people

Sikhism

Blend of islam with Hindu religion

Akbar the great

• built the Mughal empire

• Built the Tajik Mahal for his wife who died during child birth

Islam in Anatolia (turkey)

Dominated because Christianity was whipped out

• both were mono

• Gender equality

• Turks integrated islam into their own traditions

• Turk language not Arabic

• Turkey was more westernized

Islam in Spain (al-Andalus)

• Muslims, Jews and Christian’s in Spain were tolèrent of each other but then the Christian crusades happened

Islam in west Africa

• brought by Muslim traders

• It was accepted because it provided the link to Muslim traders and goods they offered

• Islam attracted scholars (Timbuktu)

• Large portion of the WA population didn’t adopt islam because their traditions were deeply rooted

Islam

Monotheistic

• Muhammad

• Merchants

Kaaba

Square building in the center of Mecca

• Muslims face the direction during their 5 daily prayers

Hajj

The pilgrimage to Mecca

Schism

The split between the choice of caliphs

• Sunni vs Shia

What did Avicenna create

Medical encyclopedia

What did al-Khwarizmi create

Algebra

Crusades

The goal was to liberate the holy land from Muslims and Jews

• failed

• Left a hatred between Christian’s and Muslims

476

The collapse of ROme

Byzantin empire

• blending of Greek , roman. And Christian influences

• Center of Easter orthodox Christianity

Constantinople

The capital of the byzantine empire, sometimes called new Rome

• conquered by ottoman Turks, led by Muhammad II, renamed Istanbul

• Center of Muslim culture after

1054

The great schism

• split between Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church

Easter orthodox

Emperor justinean

• icons were banned

• Clergy could marry

• Language was Greek

Roman Catholic

Pope

• icons were allowed

• The pope could not marry

• Language was latin

Iconoclastic controversy

A major byzantine conflict over destroying or keeping religious images (icons) which led to the schism of 1054

Mongols

Unified silk road, encouraged trade

• tolerant

• Invaded India

• Founded by genghis khan

• Taxed goods that went though the silk Rd

Kublai khan

• grandson of Genghis khan, conquered song dynasty in china, sets up Yuan (mongols) dynasty

Serfs

Men of women who were th poorest members of society, peasants who worked th lords land in exchange for protection

They provided labor and crops for protection and housing

• could not leave the land

• They weren’t slaves but below free peasants

Gothic architecture

Flying buttresses which added support to the structure

• allowed for higher walls and stained glass windows

• Moneys came from church taxes

Zheng He

Chinese admiral who promoted trade with SE Asia and India

• 62 junks and 25 sailors

Movable type

Invented by china but popularized by Gutenberg with his printing press

• made books more affordable

• Literacy rate increases

• Key to spreading the Protestant reformation

Encomienda

Spanish colonial labor system where conquistadors were grated control over a group of native Americans in exchange for protection

• coerced labor and exploitation

Key features of early civiization

Cites, organized government, job specialization, social class, art and architecture, complex religions, public works and writing

Dynasties

A series of rulers from the same family

Civilization near Huang-he river

Xia dynasty (chinas first dynasty)

• Shang dynasty

• Zhou dynasty

Civilization near The nile river

Ancient Egypt

Civilization near Tigris and Euphrates river

Mesopotamia

• Sumerians

• Babylonians

• Assyrians

Civilization near Indus river valley

Harappa civilization, indus valley

Barbarians

Term that romans used to refer to anyone outside the empire who did not share in the Greek or roman cultures

Vikings

Invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia

Where did early civilizations

River valleys like Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, and china

Strengths of early Chinese society

• strong culture : Confucianism

• Centralized gov: Mandate of Heaven

• Technological innovations: paper, compass, canals

• A river management

What did the aryans bring to India

Sanskrit language, Vedic religious text (vedas), the foundations of the caste system, horses and war chariots

Castes of ancient India

• Varna

• Brahmins: highest caste

• Kshatriyas: rulers, warriors, administrators, protectors of society

• Viashyas: commoners, merchants, farmers artisans

• Shudras: laborers, servants, service providers

What groups India were most likely to convert to outside religions

Lower-caste Hindus

Similarités between Christianity, Judaism, Islam

• known as abrahamic religions

• Monotheism

• Divine revelation, judgements, afterlife, prayer, charity

How did the Roman Empire approach religious diversity

Tolerance

• allowed for people to keep their local gods as long as they honored the roman state gods and emperor

What happens to islam after the death of Muhammad

A Schism created a split between two groups (Shia and Sunni) on the decision of who should be the next caliph (successor to Muhammad)

What was the language of the roman and byzantine empires

Latin (west/admin) and Greek (east/culture)

What were some of the characteristics of classical American societies

Civic virtue, reason, self-governance, and republicanism

what civilization was known for human sacrifice in the americas

The Aztecs and Incas

Aztec view of history

Emphasized a cyclical understanding of world creation and destruction, tied to their polytheistic religion

• Recorded in pictographs

• Tribute systems accumulation of goods and labor from conquered people

Confucianism vs Buddhism in post-classical china

Confucianism provieded the state structure (bureaucracy, exams, hierarchy) while Buddhism offered spiritual solace, appealing to commoners and women.

what religion plaed a key role in the trnsmission of chiese culture to nearby areas

Buddhism

Mongolian society/military

Nomadic pastoralism, unified Genghis khan

• Elite horse archers using powerful composite bows, surprise attacks, and flanking maneuvers

• Meritocracy: promotion based of skill, loyalty and fighting ability, not just birth

Mongolian policy towards other religions

Tolerant

What percentage of European pop sided from the black plague

30 to 60%

what was different about the 15th century global trade network compared to previous trade networks

Shift from land-based routes (silk road) and changed to sea trade, driven by European exploration, new maritime teach (astrolabe, lateen sails)

what region of the world would become domiate after 1450

Western Europe

what European country started the age of exploration

Portugal

Trade routes of the world up to the world

Silk Roads, Indian Ocean maritime network, trans-Saharan routes and mediterranean sea

How does the religion of islam spread

Early Muslim conquests, trade networks, missionary works and establishing empires across the Middle East, North Africa, Spain, Central Asia, and parts of India and Southeast Asia.

How did mongol rule impact russia

Led to the rise of Moscow, increase autocracy and centralization , safe trade routes, religious tolerance but also caused destruction and isolation from Western Europe

Why is Ethiopia such a unique kingdom in Africa

Unbroken Christian heritage, successful resistance to European colonization

Where was the first Spanish colony established in the new world

Hispaniola (Dominican republic)

what factors did the european have on their side when they took over the new world

Technological superioity (guns, steel, ships)

• diseases (smallpox, measles)

• Navigation and political organizations

differences between spanish and portuguese empries

• Spain built cast and empires in the americas fro resources

• Portugal’s focused on coastal trading post in Africa/asia

How did gold negatively impact the European colonies

Pop loss through diseases and violence, forced labor systems, massive deforestation, resource depletion and disruption of native cultures

What culture in the America’s produced a written language

Mayan civilization

Scholasticism

The system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe

Feudal japan

Peasants worked under protection of samurai’s. This managed to keep country free of civil was, peace and relative prosperity for 2 centuries