A&P Study Guide

Serous Membrane

A shield of tissue that forms a cavity filled with liquid found around lungs, heart, and other organs in abdominal cavity

Visceral Pericardium

Serous membrane that touches the organ

Pericardial Cavity

Cavity between the visceral and parietal pericardium

Parietal Pericardium

Serous membrane that acts as the outer layer

Pericardial Membrane

Serous membrane surrounding the heart

Pleural Membrane

Serous membrane surrounding the lungs

Peritoneum Membrane

Serous membrane surrounds abdominal organs

Isotope

Atom with some amount of protons but different amount of neutrons

Enzyme

Protein molecules that speed up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

Organic compounds

Chemical compounds with Carbon and Hydrogen

Types of Organic Compounds

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

Short-term fuel and produces ATP

Lipids

Long-term, fat in the body that cushions organs and maintains body heat

Protein

It builds, repairs, and maintains muscles, can be used for energy when there’s no fats or carbs

Nucleic Acids

Stores genetic information

Experimental

Group being experimented on

Control Group

Group used as reference

Endocytosis

Molecules taken into cells

Phagocytosis

Cells eating large particles of bacteria, dead and damaged cells and parts of cells

Pinocytosis

Cells engulfing fluid from ECF

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Receptors fill vesicles with specific molecule (Cholesterol, hormones, iron)

Anterior vrs Posterior

front and back

Proximal vrs Distal

up and down

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak attractions between partially positive end of dipole and partially negative end of dipole

DNA Organization

Nucleosome → chromatin → chromosome

Nucleosome

Made of histones and proteins

Histones

Protein Complexes

Chromatin

DNA wrapped around histones

Chromosomes

Nucleosomes wrapped around each other

Nuclear Pores

Big protein complexes, connects nucleoplasm with cytoplasm and lets substances to move between 2 locations

Mediastinum

Esophagus, heart, thymus, trachea

Negative feedback loops

Goes against initial change in the body and a loop starts to reduce the output until it’s normal

Positive Feedback loops

The initial response to stimuli is intensified and maintains until everything is back to normal

Acids

pH of >7 hydrogen

Neutral

pH 7

Base

pH of <7 hydroxide

Homeostasis

Steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain

Ionic bonding

Atoms transfer 1 or more electrons to another atom until the outer shell is full
Cations: lose electron/ positive charge

Anion: gain electron/ negative charge

Covalent bonding

Atoms share 1 or more electrons with one another until fill outer shell

Single bond: 1 pair of electrons

Double bond: 2 pairs of electrons

Cell

Smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms

Animal cells

They contain cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Big folded phospholipid bilayer connected to the nuclear envelope

Rough ER (RER)

Ribosome attached to membrane and used in protein synthesis

Smooth ER (SER)

No ribosomes and used in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and storage of calcium ions

Osmosis

Passive transport → water is moved across a selective permeable membrane (only water)

Water

1 of the most important inorganic compounds for sustaining metabolic processes needed for life

High heat capacity: can absorb heat without changing temp (homeostasis) and carries it when it evaporates

Cushions and protects body structures because of high density

lubricant for 2 adjacent surfaces and reduces friction (fluid in our synovial membranes of our joints contains mostly water)

Active Transport

form of transport across the cell membrane that needs cellular energy

Passive Transport

form of transport across the cell membrane that doesn’t need cellular energy

Digestive System

stomach, liver, gall bladder, large intestine, small intestine

Endergonic reactions

Needs energy from somewhere else, products contains more energy than reactants, stores energy it produces and from ingredients

Exergonic reactions

Releases extra energy, products have less energy than reactants

Catabolic reactions

breaking down reactions/break apart chemical bonds

Anabolic reactions

Building up reactions/chemical bonds formed

Organelles

Things in cells used to maintain homeostasis, some are enclosed from ICF except for ribosomes and centrosomes

Ribosomes

Tiny granular non membrane bound organelles,

protein synthesis,

made of large/small subunits (ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA,

free in cytosol makes proteins within cell to export outside cell/lysosomes/insertion into the membrane,

bound to membranes of other structures

Endomembrane System

Uses vesicles to transport material across cell,

synthesize/modify/package molecules made in cell,

consists of plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes

Cytoplasm

Thing between cell membrane and nucleus, cytosol (water based fluid)

Glycolipids

Sugar fat compounds in cell membrane, cell to cell recognition and cell adhesion

Nucleoplasm

Inside nucleus and cytosol-like gel made of water, nucleotides, enzymes, proteins, RNA and DNA

Nucleoli

Produces ribosomes, some have many or none

Golgi apparatus

Between rough ER and plasma membrane,

group of flattened membranes sacs filled with enzymes and molecules

Lysosomes

Digestion of bacteria, damaged cells, nonfunctional components,

macromolecules broken down into smaller subunits that can be recycled to use other macromolecules

Cytoskeleton

network of fibrous proteins that provide structural support,

moves the cell and material,

made of microtubules, actin, intermediate filaments

Mitochondria

Membrane-bound organelles,

produces ATP in cellular respiration, makes own DNA, enzymes, and ribosomes,

its membrane is a double bilayer

Perixomes

Membrane-bound,

uses oxygen to oxide organic molecules, makes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to oxide toxins (alcohol) in liver, and kidney to less toxic compounds and taken out before it causes damage,

breaks down fatty acids into smaller molecules that are used for ATP production and anabolic reactions

Nuclear Envelope

Surrounds nucleus, double phospholipid bilayer like mitochondria,

outer membrane is studded with ribosomes and is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum,

inner membrane lines interior of nucleus and is supported by intermediate filaments

Scientific Method

Observation, hypothesis, experimental design, data collection and analysis, conclusion

Anatomical Position

Common frame of reference from which all body parts and regions are described,

Body standing upright, feet are shoulder width apart with upper limbs at sides of trunk and head and palms facing forward

Reduces confusion

Used in surgical procedures

Hydrolysis

Monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule adding OH to one monomer and H to the other

Cilia

Hair-like extensions of cell membrane made of microtubules and motor proteins

Motile cilia pushes substances across the surface of cells

Nonmobile cilia monitors environment conditions like antennae

Protein monomers

Amino acids (nitrogen joined by peptide bonds)

Peptide bond

Covalent bond between 2 amino acids that forms by dehydration synthesis

Biological levels of organization

Chemical to cells to tissues to organs to organ system to organism

Cell

Smallest structural and functional unit of life

Tissue

Surface area increase for cells used in absorption

Organ

Many types of tissues working together for one purpose

Organ system

2 and more organs working together

Organism

Many organ systems working together

Stage 1 Initiation

2 complementary strands are pulled apart

Special enzymes (helicase) untwist and separated 2 DNA strands

Stage 2 Elongation

Each strand becomes a template for the new strands

DNA polymerase matches the old template standards new strands and synthesizes new strands

New strand is built with it matches the template

Stage 3 Termination

Once the original strands are bound to new matching ones and the process stops

Atomic number

Number of protons thats always the same as the electrons

Atomic mass

Mass of atom (neutrons + protons)

Neutrons

Mass number - atomic number

Electron shells

1st shell is closest to the nucleus and hold up to 2 electrons (duet rule)

2nd shell and up hold up to 8 (octet rule)

Valence electrons

Number 8 columns from right to left

Sagittal planes

Right and left regions

Frontal (coronal)

Anterior and posterior

Transverse

Superior and inferior