Art History Unit 3

67

67

Pazzi Chapel; Basillica di Santa Croce, Florence, Italy

Architect: Fillippo Brunelleschi c. 1429-1461, masonry

Funded by Pazzi family, second richest family in Florence. They added a secret room for burials in the back

Early Renaissance; rotunda, simple shapes

Size: working with the small space provided to accomodate for the chapel and teachings by munks. VERY simple floorplan

Tondi: small, circular paintings common in Rome, hence the renaissance — reviving Rome

Decorative columns, some structural but for aesthetics — Pilasters: part of the wall strictly for decoration.

68

Palazzo Rucellai; Florence, Italy

Architect: Leon Battista Alberti c. 1450, stone masonry

Commissioned by the Rucellai family as a home, business, and servant quarters.

Facade becomes critical for move from Medieval Time

Three tiers divided by entablatures, separated by windows

Doric — Ionic — Corinthian

1st floor: business, 2nd floor: guests, 3rd: home for family, 4th: hidden, for servants

Loggia across the street

69

David; 15th c. Florence

Donatello c. 1440-1460, Bronze

Earliest freestanding nude sculpture since antiquity — nudity shows he only needs the strength from God, typical of Greco-Roman — he is a hero

Medici commissioned — bronze is costly

Holds a stone in his left hand, a sword in his right

David is young compared to Goliath

androgynous features to show biblical beauty, Donatello’s sexuality plays a part

Attempted to show Medici Family as non-tyrannical (not true, they killed lots of people)

71

Madonna and Child with Two Angels; Florence

Fra Filippo Lippi c. 1465, tempera on wood

New way to view the Virgin Mary and Christ— Naturalism, Christ is a baby, background is very detailed. Halo stays, but thinner

Hands are clasped in prayer, very proportional

Humanism: Mary is mundane, almost human. She isn’t on a throne or above the other people — angels are also human-like, very playful

Mary is pushing the frame, breaking the concept of traditional paintings

Thin veil, traditional of the Renaissance, not what Mary would wear

Competition between city states and artists

71

Birth of Venus;

Sandro Botticelli c. 1484-1486, tempera on canvas — true painter isn’t known, could be someone from his guild

Goddess Venus arriving from the Sea to the shore — Father is Neptune

Zephyrus and Aura — wind and Spring — flow her to shore, interpretations of deities vary

Spring represents fertility, cloths her

Title was given in the 1800s, very little is known about the painting

Elongated body, scoliosis — doesn’t follow naturalism or humanism, Venus has gothic features

Hyper Detailed patterns, lots of gold

Neoplatonism: Connected to Contrapposto and mythology — all goodness stems from God. Rare to combined myth with Christianity

48

Catacomb of Priscilla; Late antique Europe

Rome, Italy 200-400 CE, Excavated tufu & fresco

Catacomb: underground structure

Earliest Christians and Jews are burried here — Land donated by wealthy Roman woman for her family’s burial — now 40,000 tombs in it

Open now due to grave robbing and relic hunting (some martyrs here)

Wealthy had marble, poor had terracotta

Anchors represent safe harbor, fish represents Christ

Beardless Jesus points to late antique

73

The Last Supper; Milan

Leonardo da Vinci 1494-98, oil and tempura

Double layer of fresco — allows color to pop

Depicts the moment Christ reveals that one of his Apostiles will betray him — mixed emotions — Christ is calm

Christ reaches for bread and wine as Judas does — holding the bag of silver

Lots of triangles — people are in groups of three — father, son, holy spirit

Humanism

Linear: positioning of objects are meant to draw you to one point on the horizon

Elimination of unnessesary details — points view only at Christ

Typically Judas is on the opposite side of the table — da Vinci puts him right next to Christ

Vinci studied anatomy — stole dead bodies

74

The Sistine Chapel — ceiling and altar frescoes

Vatican City, Michelangelo

Ceiling: 1508-12, altar: 1536-41

Building where cardinals select the Pope

Commissioned by Pope Julius II — opposed by Chamberlain Biagio da Cesena

9 panels of Genesis — painted backward and last judgement on the apse

Prophets that predict Christ

Ignudi (nude youth)

Chiaroscuro: transitioning from light to dark to give the illusion of volume and mass — the creation of the universe

Hand prints from painter — catching his balance

Hyper-humanism

76

School of Athens; Vatican City

Raphael, 1509-1511, Fresco

Reception Room of the Apostolic Palace — originally a library

¼ paintings dedicated to human knowldge— Philosophy, Theology, Poetry, and Juris

Commissioned by Julius II — same time as the Sistine

One Point Perspective — barrel coffered vaulting

Depicts famous Philosophers — dichotomy— left shows the divine, right shows the earthly — highlights the point of the School of Athens! Every best mind is talking to each other

78

Entombment of Christ

Jacopo da Pontormo 1525-1528, oil on wood

Colors are uncomfortable, almost neon — so much ‘wrong’ with the painting

Mannerism: pushes the boundaries of fantasy, using art as inspiration rather than nature — elongation: everyone is stretched, hypermasculinity, intellectual puzzles — comes from the term Maniera or stylish

Voyeurism — porn

Council of Trent (1545-1563) banned Mannerism in religious art — can’t confuse people about their faith

figures are swirling — puzzle is we don’t even know what this depicts. It could be disposition, entombment — supposed to feel grief and anguish

Are we leaving the Renaissance?

80

Venus of Urbino

Titian c. 1538, oil on canvas (first one of 250)

10-15 layers of paint

Emphasis of color and contrast — slightly shortened

Servants in the background

Generic, idealized female form — hand placement alludes to modesty but suggests masterbation

Commemorates the marraige or their sexual maturity — dog represets responsibility and innosence — wearing a flower crown and blonde hair represents a marraige tradition

82

II Gesu and Triumph in the Name of Jesus; Rome, Italy

Renaissance: No transept — too expensive. lots of circles and sqauares. Apse and domes — engaged corinthean columns, pediments and rounded arches

Giacomo de Vignola; archicect, 16th c Giocomo della Porta; architect of facade (1568-84)
Giovanni Batista Gauii; fresco & stucco (1676=79) — marble, brick, fresco, stucco

Stucco: fine plaster used for coating surfaces with designs — easy to use

Created in response to the Protestant Reformation — counter reformation: Church of the Jesuits, Church Triumphant

The border between the Renaissance and Baroque — Barrel vaulting, fluted columns, domes, pilasters. Interior paintings 100 years later — Boroque

6 rooms dignified with different purposes

Super detailed painting, use of fake shadows — Boroque

66

Annunciation Triptych (Merode Altarpiece)

Workshop of Robert Campin 1427-1432, oil on wood

Left: Commissioners of the art kneeling in the garden — Center: Annunciation to Mary — Right: Saint Joseph as carpenters

Settings that viewer is familar with — Belguan city, traditional home setting

Likely that inner panel was by Campin and his guild made the other two panels

Perspective is off

68

Arnolfini Portrait

Jan van Eyck 1434, oil on wood

Depicts wealthy merchant and his potential bride — her shoes are off + dog — possibly pregnant

74

Adam and Eve

Albrecht Durer 1504, engraving

Can be reprinted across the world — fame

Garden of Eden — more rugged, overgrown — looks like Germany, where the artist is from

Calm before the storm

49

Basilica of Santa Sabina

Rome, Italy. Late Antique Europe, 422-432. Brick and stone with wooden roof

Lacks a Transept, showing this is an early form of a large church

Has large wooden doors in front that may have the earliest scene of Christ’s crucifixion

Columns that divided the nave and aisle are spolia from pagan temples

Hold an arcade of arches with inlay stone
depictions of the eucharist

50

Folia of the Vienna Genesis

Early Byzantine Europe, Early 6th c, Illuminated Manuscript (tempera, gold and silver on purple vellum)

Illuminated Manuscript: Handwritten books with decoration, usually golds and silvers

Tempera- Permanent, fast drying paint
medium that is pigments mixed with a
water soluble binding agent like egg yolk

Vellum- Calfskin parchment

depict Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well and Jacob Wrestling the Angel

Text written in silver so it would gleam, and
then surface dyed purple suggesting a
royal commission

Attempts to tell a narrative in a confined
space, incorporating of classical and
medieval elements

77

Isehelm Altarpiece

Matthias Grunewald 1512-1516, Oil on wood 8’ 9”, 10’, 7’

Three layers of work (triptych three times), only opened up during religious ceremonies and festivals

Dedicated to Saint Anthony — cured
ergotism — many references to Christ’s
wounds emulates ergots — christ is dead
dead and in extreme pain

Juxtaposed with inner layer — blinded by
his holy light

Focus on emotion, not realism — figures are
mutilated and distorted — elongated

79

Allegory of Law and Grace

86

Henri IV Receives the Portrait of Marie de’ Medici, from the Marie de’ Medici Cycle

Peter Raul Rubens, 1621-1625, oil on canvas

87

Self-Portrait with Saskia

Rembrandt, 1636, etching

Baroque Cosplay — liked to dress up in historical garb — wearing medieval clothing

Has 75 self-portraits — more than any artist at the time

Rembrandt is looking in a mirror and drawing what he sees — drew himself in roles such as a beggar, general, doctor, etc.

Etching shows free and loose style — different from his extreme skill — this is fun for him, he can play around with color and line weight

88

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane: Rome, Italy

Francesco Borromini 1638-1646, stone & stucco

Commissioned by Trinitarian Order — ransomed Christians taken at war/by pirates

Tiny Cross insignia

Cheap materials — the order was poor, christians weren’t being nabbed very often— made to look like marble

Engaged columns — made to fit the space like the Pazzi Chapel

Movement feeling through undulating walls

92

Woman Holding a Balance

Johannes Vermeer 1164, Oil on canvas

Tronie: not a particular person, a type of person

Upper middle class woman — lots of jewelry, commissioned painting of Jesus

Handling her money— banking class

Vermeer will always love light from a window & LOVES fabric breaking the wall

Behind her is the last judgement — Christ is directly above her — very religious

93

The Palace of Versailles

“Stupid fancy”

Versailles, France started 1669

Architects: Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin-Mansart

King Louis the 14th — forced people to live with him in his palace to control rebellions against him

2,153 windows, gems in the wall, sculpture

UNESCO site in 1979

96

Fruits and Insects

Rachel Ruysch 1711, oil on wood

Still Life: Painting an arrangement of objects — good practice, people wouldn’t consider it art

Highest paid artist of her time

98

The Tete a Tete, From Marriage a la Mode

William Hogarth 1743 oil on canvas

Head to Head — royal life before the french revolution — shows how imoral, crazy, and gross they are

Squanderfield Family — pretends to be the upper upper class — painting is a comment on the fact that they are frauds

Industrialization is occurring — increased wealth gap

Marriage a la Mode — modern marriage, for money or status

56

Great Mosque

Cordoba, Spain, Umayyad 785-786

Stone Masonry

Mihrab— horsshoe shaped facal point

57

Pyxis of al-Mughira

Umayyad 968 Ivory, 6.3× 4.6 inches

65

Alhambra (Palace and Fortress Complex)

Granada, Spain

81

Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza

Viceroyalty of New Spain 1541-1542

Ink and color on paper

Commissioned by Viceroy Mendoza — used to introduce the Spanish King Charles V to Aztec

Blue represents water, chinampas, people facing the eagle — eagle represents the main Aztec City, human sacrifice

Blue glyphs around the border represents the Aztec calendar cycle

Register — use of line or form to divide a piece

95

The Virgin of Guadalupe

Miguel Gonzalez 1698, Basillica of Guadalupe, Mexico City

Oil on canvas, inlaid with mother-of-pearl

Depicts miracles around her — rose petals fallen in the shape of Mary

Small piece of mother-of-pearl — mirrors a dove

Cosmopolitan: the fusion of cultures and styles — social hierarchy was painted

Mexico + Japan = this art

97

Spaniard and Indian Produce a Mestizo

Juan Rodriguez Juarez 1715

Oil on Canvas

Racial Taxonomy based on mixing — Enlightenment: the more European the better

Most likely sent back to Europe to show the king their racial superiority

90

Angel with Arquebus, Asiel Timor Del

Master of Calamarca (La Paz School, Bolivia) 17th century

Oil on canvas

Fashionable angels began in peru, grew very popular in the Andes

Celestial, military, and aristocratic

Belief that thee angels with stop the Catholics from falling into bad influences — Army of God

Failed: mixed with native deities — began to look androgynous — cosmopolitan

94

Screen with the Siege of Belgrade and Hunting Scene

Gonzalez family 1697-1701

Tempora and resin on wood, shell inlay

6 of 12 panels

Made for a victory palace — shows wealth

Biombos: folding screen that served to divide men and women — women got dainty designs, men got gruesome battle scenes