Reading Check 1 Language

What is Language?

Mutual Inteligibilty

Mutual Inteligibilty

Two people can understand each others system of communication through speech, movement, sounds, symbols. When two people speak two dif languages they CANT understand each other, when two people speak dif dialects they CAN

Language divergence

new languages are formed because spatial interaction between speakers has broken down

What is the first step of Language divergence?

sound shift

What is dialect?

Dialect is variants of a language (accent).

Differences in vocab,syntax, pronunciation,cadence,pace of speech

Dialect chain

Dialects nearest to each other, geographically.

What is an isogloss?

boundary line between two distinct linguistic regions

Backward Reconstruction

the tracking of sound shifts and. hardening of consonants backward. toward the original language.

language convergence

Two languages combine to form a new language

Pidgin Language

When people speak two or more languages and are in contact so they combine parts of their language into a simpyfied structure and vocab.

Creole Language

A pidgin Language that is more complex and has become a native language for people.

What are three ways the worlds langauge can be organized?

Language family, Language branch, Language Group

Indo-Arayan languages

Hindi, Bengali, Urdu, Lahnda, Dravidian, Sino-tibetan, Greek, Armenian, Albanian

(B.A.L.D G.A.S.H.U)

Iranian Languages

Farsi, Pashio, Kurdish

West Germanic Languages

English, German, Dutch, Afrikaans

“GADE” west

North Germanic Languages

Swedish, Danish, Icelandic, Norwegian



\
“DINS” north time for dinner

Baltic Languages

Latvian, Lithuanian

East Slavic Languages

Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian

\
RUB

West Slavic Languages

Polish, Czech, Slavach

South Slavic Languages

Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian

Latin (Vulgar Latin)

Spanish, French, Romanian, Italian, Portuguese

Goidelic

Irish, Scottish Gaelic

Brythonic

Welsh, Cornish, Breton

what langauges consist of ROMANCE

French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian.

What century did English get to North America

Beginning of the 17th

What century did English get to Ireland

The 17th

What century did English get to South Asia

Late 18th, early 19th

What century did English get to southern and eastern africa

Late 19th century (due to colonization)

Three ways the english voacab differs from the one spoken in england

vocab, pronunciation, spelling

standard language

common language that many countries agree on

Four dialects in the US

Inland North, the south, the west, the midland

What is responsible for the differences found in the original three eastern dialect regions

differences in the origin of the English colonist along the east coast.

What is a bidialect?

Someone who speaks standard english outside of their home/community and speaks their native langue at home.

AAVE

African American Vernacular English. It is a distinct dialect with certaint verbs, vocab,grammar, meaning.

Pros of AAVE

Preserves African American Culture

Cons of AAVE

Not standard, poor education, poor chance of success in the US

How are official Languages used

Used by the government to enact legislation, publish docs, teach, conduct public businesses

Six official langues used by the United Nations

Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Spanish, Russian

What factors have led to the strengthening of standard languages and depression of dialect?

migration, increased interaction, globalization processes

How is English from other languages

does not contain personal pronouns

endangered language

a language that is likely to become extinct

why would a language be considered dying?

The child bearing generation is not capable of teaching the language to future generations.

isolated language

unrelated to any language/ not attacked to nay family.

one example of an isolated language in Europe

Basque/Euskan

How does isolation help preserve a language?

isolation resisted diffusion of people and introduction to new languages/dialects

extinct language