GST103: Computer Fundamentals – Comprehensive Review

These flashcards cover key definitions, concepts, and applications from GST103: Computer Fundamentals, including basics of computing, generations, hardware, software, programming, networking, Internet, and real-world applications.

What is the basic definition of a computer?

An electronic machine that accepts data, processes it and produces information.

What does DATA refer to in computing?

Raw facts about people, objects or events, e.g., name, age, height.

How is INFORMATION defined?

Processed data that is meaningful, e.g., examination results or net pay.

List the three traditional methods of data processing.

Manual, Mechanical, and Computer methods.

Give two disadvantages of manual data-processing.

It is slow and error-prone, making large-volume processing impractical.

State three major advantages of the computer method of data processing.

Continuous processing, high accuracy, and neat multi-format output (graphs, pictures, etc.).

Name four key characteristics of a computer.

Speed, Accuracy, Storage, Automation (plus Reliability and Flexibility).

What does ROM stand for and what is its purpose?

Read Only Memory – stores permanent instructions that are not lost when power is off.

What is RAM?

Random Access Memory – volatile main memory used for temporary storage during processing.

Identify the 3 broad units of computer hardware.

Input Unit, Processing Unit (CPU), and Output Unit.

Mention two common INPUT devices.

Keyboard and Mouse (others include scanner, joystick).

Give two examples of OUTPUT devices.

Monitor (VDU) and Printer.

Differentiate between hardware and software.

Hardware is the physical equipment; software is the set of instructions that drive the hardware.

State the two major categories of software.

System software and Application software.

What are the three sub-types of system software?

Operating System, Utility Software, and Language Translators.

Give three examples of application software packages.

Word Processor, Spreadsheet, Database Package.

What is an operating system?

A program that manages computer hardware, provides a user interface, and allocates resources.

Distinguish between multi-programming and multi-processing.

Multi-programming runs several programs on one CPU; multi-processing uses several CPUs.

What is a stored-program concept?

Both instructions and data are kept in main memory, allowing programs to control execution sequentially.

List the six generations of computer evolution covered in the notes.

First (vacuum tubes), Second (transistors), Third (ICs), Fourth (LSI/VLSI), Fifth (parallel processing), Sixth (massive parallel/Internet era).

Which generation introduced the integrated circuit (IC)?

Third Generation (1963–1972).

State two key innovations of the Fourth Generation.

Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) chips and the rise of microcomputers/workstations.

Name three classes of computers based on size/capacity.

Microcomputers, Minicomputers, and Mainframes.

Differentiate between general-purpose and special-purpose computers.

General-purpose can be programmed for many tasks; special-purpose are built for one specific job.

Define a digital computer.

A computer that represents data using discrete digits, usually binary.

What is an analog computer used for?

Measuring continuous physical variables such as voltage to model systems.

Explain a hybrid computer.

Combines analog and digital elements to gain advantages of both.

List the three main types of LANGUAGE translators.

Assembler, Interpreter, Compiler.

What is the function of an assembler?

Translates assembly language programs into machine code.

How does a compiler differ from an interpreter?

Compiler translates the whole source code before execution; interpreter translates line-by-line during execution.

Give two principles of good programming.

Accuracy of results and Readability/maintainability of code.

List the typical stages in program development.

Problem definition, algorithm design (flowchart/pseudocode), coding, translation, debugging, testing, documentation.

What is a flowchart?

A graphical diagram that outlines the logical steps of a program using standardized symbols.

Name four common flowchart symbols.

Terminator, Process, Decision, Input/Output.

Define an algorithm.

A finite, ordered set of unambiguous instructions for solving a problem.

State two differences between pseudocode and a flowchart.

Pseudocode uses structured English statements; a flowchart uses graphical symbols.

Give three typical numeric formats in spreadsheets.

Currency, Percentage, and Scientific formats.

What is a virus in computing?

A malicious program designed to replicate and cause harm to data or software.

List three common modes of virus transmission.

Infected external storage (flash, floppy, CD), email attachments, and Internet downloads.

Mention two ways to prevent virus infection.

Use updated antivirus software and avoid opening unknown attachments.

State two auxiliary devices important for a computing environment.

Voltage Stabilizer and Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS).

What role does a UPS play?

Provides conditioned power and temporary backup to allow safe shutdown during outages.

Why are air conditioners used in computer rooms?

To maintain optimal temperature and reduce dust for reliable hardware operation.

Give three applications of computers in education.

Computer-Based Training (CBT), Library cataloguing systems, and Distance Learning platforms.

Name two business uses of computers.

Payroll processing and Inventory control.

How are computers used in health care?

Laboratory diagnostics, patient monitoring, and hospital record keeping.

List two military applications of computers.

Missile guidance systems and simulation training for pilots.

Identify two common spreadsheet functions.

SUM() for addition and AVERAGE() for mean calculation.

What is a cell reference in spreadsheets?

The address of a cell identified by its column letter and row number, e.g., B3.

Define electronic mail (e-mail).

A network service for sending digital messages and attachments between users.

What is the Internet?

A global network of interconnected computer networks using TCP/IP to share information.

Explain the World Wide Web.

A system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet using browsers.

Give two examples of Internet browsers.

Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox.

What does URL stand for and mean?

Uniform Resource Locator – the address that specifies the location of a resource on the web.

What is a hyperlink?

Clickable text or image that connects one web page to another.

Describe a Local Area Network (LAN).

A network that connects computers within a limited area such as a building.

Differentiate LAN from WAN.

LAN covers a small geographic area; WAN spans large distances and interconnects multiple LANs.

What device converts digital signals to analog for telephone lines?

A Modem (Modulator/Demodulator).

Identify two common network topologies.

Star and Bus topologies.

What is the function of a firewall?

To control and secure traffic between networks, protecting against unauthorized access.