Biology Semester Final - Mr. Koontz

Ecosystem

All populations in a community as well as abiotic things in a defined area
(Biotic + Abiotic)

Community

Different species that interact in a defined area (Only living organisms in a community.

Population

Members of the same species that are in a defined area.

Species

A group of organisms similar in biology (Traits/Genes).

Individual Organism

Single member of a species.

Mutualism

Both species benefit (Crocodile and birds show mutualism as birds get food from the crocodile's teeth, and the crocodile gets his mouth cleaned).

Parasitism

One species benefits, while the other is harmed (Fleas or ticks on animals show parasitism as the flea or tick gets to have a free home, but the animal gets harmed).

Commensalism

One species benefits, the other is unaffected (Sharks and remora fish show commensalism as the remora fish gets a free ride on a shark, and the shark remains unaffected.

Amensalism

One species remains unaffected, but one gets harmed (Alage and fish show amensalism as algae continues to grow, killing the fish, but it remains unaffected.

Autotroph vs Heterotroph

Heterotrophs consume food from other organisms while autotrophs self-produce their food. (A heterotroph could be a human, while an autotroph could be a plant.)

10% Rule

Only 10% of energy gets conserved after eating something.

10% Rule Example

If something were to start at 1000, such as 1000g (100%) of grass, and a mouse was to eat the grass, the mouse would only retain 100g (10%) of grass. If a snake were to then eat the mouse, it would only have 10g (1%) of the original grass. If a hawk then ate the snake, it would only have 1g (0.1%) of the original grass.

S-curve vs. J-curve

j curve: exponential growth...it is when population size increases at constant rate because everyone has access to abundant food

scurve: logistic growth ... it is when the rate of the population slows down as it reaches the carrying capacity

Carrying Capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Population Limiting Factors

1. Competition
2. Disease/Parasitism
3. Predation
4. Climate Variation (Drought, natural disasters etc.)
5. Human Disturbance

Niche

The role, or function that a species presence has within an ecosystem

Keystone Species

A keystone species is a species that plays a unique and crucial role in the way an ecosystem functions; without it, the ecosystem would cease to exist.

Subatomic Particles

Electron - Negative Charge
Proton - Positive
Neutron - Neutral Charge

Monomer

Monomers are singlular units.

Polymers

Polymers are many molecules bonded together

Calories Per Gram of Carbohydrate

4 calories per gram in carbs

Calories Per Gram of Fats

9 calories per gram in fats

Calories Per Gram of Protein

4 calories per gram of protein

Monosaccharides

Glucose and Fructose (1 Monomers)

Disaccharides

Sucrose, lactose, maltose (2 Monomers)

Polysaccharides

Glycogen (Animals), starch (plant), glycogen (animal) (Polymers)

Lipid Biomolecules

1. Steroid Hormones
2. Fats
3. Phospholipids

Steroid Hormones

Sex Hormones

Fats

Cholesterol

Phospholipids

A lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Triglycerides Structure

3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

Phospholipids

A lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

Steroids Structure

4 Carbon rings and a "tail"

Saturated Fats

Solid at room temperature

Unsaturated Fats

Liquid at room temperature

Protein Chemical Elements

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (CHON)

Monomers of Proteins

Amino Acids (20 different types)

What is created when amino acids bond?

DNA

Polypeptide

A long chain of amino acids that makes proteins made of more than 10 amino acids.

Proteins

Chains of amino acids with more than 50 amino acids.

What amino acid group bond together in protein synthesis?

R-group (Side chain) and carboxyl group

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Both have cell membrane, cytoplasm, carry out life processes of growth and replication.
Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

Cytoplasm

Internal area of the cell.
Contains cytosol (water-based gel material inside of the cell membrane, housing organelles).
Houses important structure.

Nucleus

Controls most of the cell processes and contains DNA and RNA (Code for making proteins)

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell
Makes energy from food to make ATP, which the cell uses to grow, move, and develop
Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells.

Ribosomes

Site of protein production and assembly.
Use code from DNA in the nucleus as instructions to organize and construct amino acid chains.
Found on the E.R. and floating in the cell.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Modifies/chemically tweaks proteins, adding smaller molecules to the protein.
Called rough because ribosomes are attached to the surface.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Contains enzymes that preform specialized tasks, making various bio-molecules.
No ribosomes on surface.
Contains enzymes that break down toxins.

Golgi Apparatus

Proteins next stop after E.R.
Attaches carbohydrates and lipids to protein.
Synthesize complex carbohydrates.
Sends proteins to find destination by budding of it's own material in vesicles.

Lysosomes

Trash men of the c.
Contain an acidic interior.
Breakdown, old, dysfunctional materials of the cell.
Break down pathogens like viruses.

Cytoskeleton

A network of long protein strands in the cytosol that helps support the cell

Cell Membrane

Regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
Provides protection and support.
Contains a lipid bilayer (2 layers of phospholipids).
Contains carbohydrates and proteins.

Cell Wall

Found in plants, algae, fungi, nearly all prokaryotes.
Provides support and protection for the cell.
Made of cellulose (in plants) which is a tough/rigid carbohydrate fiber.

Passive Transport

Movement across the cell membrane without using energy.

Active Transport

The movement of molecules from low concentration to high concentration.
Requires energy.

Isotonic Solution

The concentration of solutes is the same in and out of the cell.

Hypotonic Solution

The concentration of solutes is greater in the cell.

Hypertonic Solution

The concentration of solutes is greater outside of the cell.

Photosynthesis

The process in which a plant makes energy from sunlight and carbon.

Photosynthesis Steps

1. Light Reactions
2. Calvin Cycle

Photosynthesis Reactants

Carbon dioxide and water

Photosynthesis Products

Sugar (Glucose) and oxygen

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO2 + 6H2O \------\> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Cell Respiration Steps

1. Glycolysis
2. Kreb Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Cell Respiration Reactants

Sugar (glucose) and oxygen

Cell Respiration Products

Carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP)

Cell Respiration Equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 \----\> 6CO2 + H2O + energy

Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration

Both make energy

Mitosis Phases

1. Prophase Pasta
2. Middle Metaphase
3. Apart Anaphase
4. Telophase The End

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait (Rr)

Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait (RR, rr)

Dominant Trait

Capital letter, "dominates" lowercase letter and "covers it up."

Recessive Trait

Lowercase letter, a trait that is hidden by the dominant form of the trait.

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

X-linked

A gene carried on the X chromosome. If a male inherits an X-linked recessive trait from his mother, he expresses that trait because the Y from his father has no counteracting gene. Females are more likely to be carriers of X-linked traits but are less likely to express them.

Crossing Over and Independent Assortment Benefits

Creates new random code for every person, making it harder for viruses to target every person.

PMAT 2

PMAT 2 is the same process of mitosis, but it occurs twice.
Makes 4 unique haploid daughter cells.

Meiosis Purpose

Variation through crossing over and independent assortment.

Who Discovered DNA?

James Watson and Francis Crick

What are the four nucleotides (letters) in DNA?

A, T, C, G
(A pairs with T, C pairs with G)

DNA provides instructions to make \_______.

Proteins

What is a gene?

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein

Chemical elements in nucleic acids

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus (CHONP)

Primary Components of Nucleotides

1. Phosphate
2. Sugar
3. Nitrogenous Base (A, T, C, G)

DNA Replication Style

Semi-conservative

Semi-Conservative

One "new" half, one "original" half

Enzymes in DNA replication

Helicase, and DNA Polymerase

Helicase

An enzyme that separates the 2 halves of DNA at the hydrogen bonds.

DNA Polymerase

An enzyme that adds new DNA and nucleotides (new halves)

Protein Synthesis Process

1. Transcription in the Nucleus (RNA Polymerase transcribes a DNA strand).
2. Translation in the Ribosomes (Amino acids are brought to ribosomes).

Rule of 2 for Protein Synthesis

1. Protein synthesis occurs in two main stages (1 \= Transcription and 2 \= Translation).
2. Protein synthesis occurs in two main locations. (1 \= Nucleus and 2 \= Ribosomes)

Rule of 3 for Protein Synthesis

A sequence of three bases determines the particular amino acid brought to ribosome (3 nitrogenous bases in a sequence make a codon).

Primary Enzyme in Protein Synthesis

RNA Polymerase

Symbiosis

Interspecies Relationships (Interspeces \= between species)

Food Chain

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten(Linear)

Food Web

A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains

Covelant Bondss

When electrons are shared between bonds.

Molecule

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Calvin Cycle

Produces sugar