Family Structures, Social Relationships, and Education Frameworks

These flashcards cover key concepts related to family structures, societal norms, aging, deviance, and educational frameworks.

What is the difference between an extended family and a nuclear family?

An extended family includes relatives beyond immediate parents and children, while a nuclear family consists of two parents and their children.

Define kinship.

Kinship refers to the web of social relationships based on blood, marriage, or adoption.

What defines a two-earner family?

A two-earner family is characterized by both adult partners earning an income, usually through paid employment.

What is a single-parent family?

A single-parent family consists of one adult parent raising children without the presence of a partner.

What is a domestic partnership?

A domestic partnership is a committed relationship between two people living together without being legally married.

Define monogamy.

Monogamy is when one person is married to one partner at a time.

What is polygamy?

Polygamy is the umbrella term for a person having multiple spouses at the same time.

What is polygyny?

Polygyny is a form of polygamy where one man is married to multiple women simultaneously.

What is polyandry?

Polyandry is a form of polygamy where one woman is married to multiple men simultaneously.

Define endogamy.

Endogamy is the practice of marrying within one’s social, ethnic, or religious group.

What is exogamy?

Exogamy is the practice of marrying outside one’s social, ethnic, or religious group.

What factors contribute to high divorce rates in Western societies?

Factors include economic stress, changing societal values, changing gender roles, greater individualism, longer lifespan, and easier access to divorce.

What are Gottman’s four horsemen of the apocalypse?

Criticism, defensiveness, contempt, and stonewalling.

What is criticism in the context of relationships?

Criticism involves attacking a partner’s character.

Define defensiveness in relationships.

Defensiveness is a response characterized by self-protection through victimhood or counter-attacks.

What is contempt according to Gottman?

Contempt is defined as disrespect, mockery, or disdain towards a partner.

What does stonewalling mean in relationships?

Stonewalling refers to withdrawing from interaction or refusing to respond.

Define gerontology.

Gerontology is the study of aging and older adulthood.

What are the older years?

The older years refer to late adulthood, generally post-retirement age.

Explain transitional older years.

Transitional older years is the phase between middle age and advanced old age, characterized by changes in health, social roles, and resources.

What is the 'culture of youth'?

The culture of youth prioritizes youthfulness, beauty, and vitality, often leading to discrimination against older adults.

Define ageism.

Ageism is discrimination or prejudice against individuals because of their age.

What does aging decline refer to?

Aging decline refers to the reduction in physical, mental, or social functioning associated with aging.

What is the strongest link to aging decline?

The strongest link to aging decline is social isolation or lack of social engagement.

Describe social isolation.

Social isolation is being physically or emotionally separated from social networks, leading to negative health outcomes.

What are anti-ageism initiatives?

Anti-ageism initiatives are programs and policies aimed at reducing age discrimination and promoting inclusion of older individuals.

What is deviance?

Deviance refers to actions or behaviors that violate societal norms or expectations.

Differentiate between absolutionist and relativist approaches to deviance.

Absolutist views deviance as an objective violation of social rules, while relativist sees it as dependent on cultural context.

What is stereotyping?

Stereotyping involves assigning generalized traits to groups or individuals without considering differences.

Define stigma.

Stigma refers to disapproval or discrimination against someone based on perceived social characteristics.

What is The Labeling Theory?

The Labeling Theory suggests that deviance is defined by societal responses to the act, not the act itself.

What is the medicalization of deviance?

The medicalization of deviance is the transformation of deviant behavior into a medical issue requiring treatment.

How did Durkheim define religion?

Durkheim defined religion as a unified system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things.

What are sacred things according to Durkheim?

Sacred things are those that are set apart, awe-inspiring, or forbidden.

What does profane mean in Durkheim's context?

Profane refers to the ordinary, everyday aspects of life.

Differentiate among church, sect, and cult.

Church is a large, established religious organization; sect is a smaller group separated from mainstream; cult is an unconventional religious movement.

What are major Western religions?

Major Western religions include Christianity, Judaism, and Islam.

List major Eastern religions.

Major Eastern religions include Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism.

What are traditional African religions?

Traditional African religions consist of diverse systems including ancestor worship and animistic practices.

How does Functionalism approach religion?

Functionalism views religion as maintaining social cohesion, morals, and order.

What is Social Conflict's approach to religion?

Social Conflict believes religion can reinforce inequality and justify oppression.

Explain Symbolic Interactionism's view of religion.

Symbolic Interactionism sees religion as giving meaning to daily life through shared symbols.

What are Biesta's purposes of education?

Biesta's purposes of education are socialization, qualification, and subjectification.

Define socialization in the context of education.

Socialization involves inculcating societal norms and values in individuals.

What does qualification mean in education according to Biesta?

Qualification refers to preparing individuals with skills and knowledge for economic and civic participation.

What is subjectification in education?

Subjectification focuses on fostering autonomy, critical engagement, and selfhood in students.

What critique does Biesta have about contemporary education?

Biesta critiques contemporary education for its focus on outputs and standardization at the expense of personal development.