W17 (LEC): REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

______ produce sex cells/gametes and secrete sex hormones.

Gonads

Produces egg cells. (female gonads)

Ovaries

Produces sperm cells. (male gonads)

Testes

CONNECTIVE TISSUE SHEATH THAT ENCLOSES BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, AND THE DUCTUS DEFERENS

spermatic cord

A FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE CAPSULE, “WHITE COAT” SURROUNDS EACH TESTIS.

Tunica albuginea

“SPERM-FORMING FACTORIES”

Seminiferous tubules

HIGHLY CONVOLUTED TUBE THAT HUGS THE POSTERIOR SIDE OF THE TESTIS, TEMPORARY STORAGE SITE FOR THE IMMATURE SPERM.

Epididymis

RUNS UPWARD FROM THE EPIDIDYMIS VIA THE SPERMATIC CORD; PROPEL LIVE SPERM FROM THEIR STORAGE SITES

Ductus deferens

TERMINAL PART OF THE MALE DUCT
SYSTEM; EXTENDS FROM THE BASE OF THE URINARY
BLADDER TO THE TIP OF THE PENIS; CARRIES BOTH
URINE AND SPERM TO THE BODY EXTERIOR.

Urethra

SURROUNDED BY THE PROSTATE GLAND

prostatic urethra

SPANNING THE DISTANCE FROM PROSTATIC URETHRA TO THE PENIS

membranous urethra

RUNNING WITHIN THE LENGTH
OF THE PENIS AND OPENING TO THE
BODY EXTERIOR VIA THE EXTERNAL
URETHRAL ORIFICE .

spongy urethra

LOCATED AT THE BASE OF THE BLADDER. PRODUCE ABOUT 60% OF SEMINAL FLUID, THE FLUID PORTION OF SEMEN

seminal vesicles

A SINGLE DOUGHNUT-SHAPED GLAND ABOUT THE SIZE OF A PEACH PIT. IT ENCIRCLES THE UPPER (PROSTATIC) PART OF THE URETHRA JUST INFERIOR TO THE URINARY BLADDER.

prostate

MILKY AND PLAYS A ROLE IN ACTIVATING
SPERM

prostate fluid

ARE TINY, PEA-SIZED GLANDS INFERIOR TO THE PROSTATE GLAND. THEY PRODUCE A THICK, CLEAR MUCUS THAT DRAINS INTO THE PENILE URETHRA. IT CLEANSES THE URETHRA OF TRACE ACIDIC URINE PRIOR TO EJACULATION, AND IT SERVES AS A LUBRICANT DURING SEXUAL INTERCOURSE

Bulbourethral glands

A MILKY WHITE, SOMEWHAT STICKY MIXTURE OF SPERM AND ACCESSORY GLAND SECRETIONS.

Semen

IS A DIVIDED SAC OF SKIN WITH SPARSE HAIRS
THAT HANGS OUTSIDE THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY, BETWEEN THE
LEGS AT THE ROOT OF THE PENIS.

scrotum

FUNCTIONS TO DELIVER SPERM INTO THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE TRACT.

penis

BODY OF THE PENIS

shaft

ENLARGED TIP OF THE PENIS

glans penis

LOOSE SKIN AROUND THE PROXIMAL END OF THE GLANS PENIS

Prepuce/Foreskin

COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE SPERM PRODUCTION. BEGINS AT PUBERTY IN SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES IN RESPONSE TO FSH

Spermatogenesis

SPERMATOGENESIS INVOLVES ________, A SPECIAL NUCLEAR
DIVISION THAT HALVES THE CHROMOSOMAL NUMBER IN RESULTING SPERMATIDS.

meiosis

AN ADDITIONAL PROCESS THAT STRIPS EXCESS CYTOPLASM FROM THE SPERMATID, CALLED ____________.

Spermiogenesis

_________ IS THE NUCLEUS AND CONTAINS COMPACTED DNA, THE GENETIC MATERIAL.

Sperm head

HELMETLIKE STRUCTURE ANTERIOR TO THE NUCLEUS, WHICH IS PRODUCED BY THE GOLGI APPARATUS AND IS SIMILAR TO A LARGE LYSOSOME.

Acrosome

THE MOST IMPORTANT HORMONAL PRODUCT OF THE TESTES.

Testosterone

TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION BEGINS AT PUBERTY IN
RESPONSE TO __.

LH

TESTOSTERONE IS PRODUCED BY ___________ OF THE TESTES

INTERSTITIAL CELLS

TESTOSTERONE CAUSES THE APPEARANCE OF _________________________ AND IS NECESSARY FOR _______________.

1.) male secondary sex characteristics
2.) sperm maturation

PRIMARY FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS. HAS EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS.

Ovaries

TINY SACLIKE STRUCTURES IN THE OVARIES.

Ovarian follicles

IMMATURE EGG, SURROUNDED BY FOLLICLE CELLS.

Oocyte

AS A DEVELOPING EGG WITHIN A FOLLICLE BEGINS TO RIPEN OR
MATURE, THE FOLLICLE ENLARGES AND DEVELOPS A FLUID-FILLED CENTRAL REGION CALLED AN ________.

ANTRUM

AT THIS STAGE (EGG WITHIN A FOLLICLE BEGINS TO RIPEN OR
MATURE), THE FOLLICLE, CALLED A ___________ OR _________________, IS MATURE.

1.) VESICULAR FOLLICLE
2.) GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE

THE DEVELOPING EGG IS READY TO BE EJECTED
FROM THE OVARY, AN EVENT CALLED __________.

OVULATION

AFTER OVULATION, THE RUPTURED FOLLICLE IS TRANSFORMED INTO A VERY DIFFERENT-LOOKING STRUCTURE CALLED A _______________, WHICH EVENTUALLY DEGENERATES.

CORPUS LUTEUM

OVULATION GENERALLY OCCURS EVERY __ DAYS.

28

AKA FALLOPIAN TUBES; APPROX. 10CM (4 INCHES) LONG AND EXTENDS MEDIALLY FROM AN OVARY TO EMPTY INTO THE SUPERIOR REGION OF THE UTERUS. THESE RECEIVE THE OVULATED OOCYTE AND PROVIDE A SITE WHERE FERTILIZATION CAN OCCUR

Uterine tubes

FUNNEL-SHAPE LOCATED AT THE DISTAL END OF EACH UTERINE TUBE.

INFUNDIBULUM

FINGERLIKE PROJECTIONS THAT PARTIALLY SURROUND THE OVARY.

FIMBRIAE

THESE TUBES THEN CONDUCT THE OOCYTE (OR EMBRYO) TO THE UTERUS BY _________ AND ____________.

1.) PERISTALSIS
2.) CILIARY ACTION

ALSO CALLED AS THE WOMB. LOCATED IN THE PELVIS BETWEEN THE URINARY BLADDER AND RECTUM, IS A HOLLOW ORGAN THAT FUNCTIONS TO RECEIVE, RETAIN, AND NOURISH A FERTILIZED EGG.

Uterus

UTERUS INNER LAYER; SLOUGHS OFF EACH MONTH IN
MENSES UNLESS AN EMBRYO HAS BECOME EMBEDDED IN IT.

ENDOMETRIUM

UTERUS BULKY MIDDLE LAYER; PLAYS AN ACTIVE ROLE DURING CHILDBIRTH, WHEN IT CONTRACTS RHYTHMICALLY TO FORCE THE BABY OUT OF THE MOTHER’S BODY

MYOMETRIUM

UTERUS OUTERMOST SEROUS LAYER

PERIMETRIUM

IT LIES BETWEEN THE BLADDER AND RECTUM AND EXTENDS FROM THE CERVIX TO THE BODY EXTERIOR. OFTEN CALLED THE BIRTH CANAL.

Vagina

A THIN FOLD OF THE MUCOSA WHICH PARTIALLY CLOSES THE DISTAL END OF THE VAGINA; VERY VASCULAR AND TENDS TO BLEED WHEN IT IS RUPTURED DURING THE FIRST SEXUAL INTERCOURSE.

Hymen

ALSO CALLED AS VULVA.

External genitalia

“MOUNTAIN OF PUBIS” IS A FATTY, ROUNDED AREA OVERLYING THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS.

Mons pubis

HAIR-COVERED SKIN FOLDS; ENCLOSES THE VESTIBULE.

Labia majora

HAIR-FREE SKIN FOLDS.

Labia minora

CONTAINS THE URETHRAL ORIFICE AND VAGINAL ORIFICE

Vestibule

IS A SMALL, PROTRUDING STRUCTURE THAT CORRESPONDS TO THE MALE PENIS.

Clitoris

A PAIR OF MUCUS-PRODUCING GLANDS THAT LUBRICATES THE DISTAL END OF THE VAGINA DURING INTERCOURSE.

Greater vestibular glands

PRODUCTION OF FEMALE SEX CELLS

Oogenesis

OOGENESIS (PRODUCTION OF FEMALE SEX CELLS) OCCURS IN __________________, WHICH ARE ACTIVATED AT PUBERTY BY ___ AND ___.

1.) OVARIAN FOLLICLES
2.) FSH
3.) LH

IN FEMALES, MEIOSIS PRODUCES ONLY ___ FUNCTIONAL OVUM (PLUS THREE NON-FUNCTIONAL POLAR BODIES), AS COMPARED
WITH THE ____ FUNCTIONAL SPERM PER MEIOSIS EVENT PRODUCED BY MALES.

1.) ONE
2.) FOUR

ARE PRODUCED BY OVARIAN FOLLICLES IN RESPONSE TO FSH. STIMULATE DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS.

Estrogens

PRODUCED IN RESPONSE TO LH, IS THE MAIN HORMONAL PRODUCT OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM.

Progesterone

DAYS 1-5. ENDOMETRIUM SLOUGHS OFF AND BLEEDING OCCURS. OVARIAN HORMONES ARE AT THEIR LOWEST LEVELS.

Menstrual phase

DAYS 6-14. ENDOMETRIUM IS REPAIRED, THICKENS, AND BECOMES WELL VASCULARIZED IN RESPONSE TO INCREASING LEVELS OF ESTROGENS.

Proliferative phase

DAYS 15-28. ENDOMETRIAL GLANDS BEGIN TO SECRETE NUTRIENTS, AND LINING BECOMES MORE VASCULAR IN RESPONSE TO INCREASING LEVEL OF PROGESTERONE.

Secretory phase

REFERS TO EVENTS THAT OCCUR FROM THE TIME OF FERTILIZATION (CONCEPTION) UNTIL BIRTH.

Pregnancy

WOMAN’S DEVELOPING OFFSPRING.

Conceptus

THE OOCYTE IS VIABLE FOR ____ HOURS AFTER OVULATION.

12-24

WITHIN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT, SPERMS ARE VIABLE FOR ____ HRS.

24-48

IT TAKES ___ HOURS FOR SPERM TO COMPLETE THE JOURNEY UP THE FEMALE DUCT SYSTEM INTO THE UTERINE TUBES.

1-2

HUNDREDS OF SPERM MUST RELEASE THEIR __________ TO BREAK DOWN THE OOCYTE’S PLASMA MEMBRANE (_________)

1.) ACROSOMAL ENZYMES
2.) CORONA RADIATA

ONCE THE SPERM HAS ENTERED, THE OVUM SHEDS ITS REMAINING ____________________ FOR SPERM,
PREVENTING OTHER SPERM FROM GAINING ENTRY.

MEMBRANE SURFACE RECEPTORS

THE OOCYTE THEN UNDERGOES ITS SECOND MEIOTIC DIVISION.

after sperm entered

GENETIC MATERIAL OF A SPERM COMBINES WITH THAT OF AN OVUM TO FORM A _________________.

FERTILIZED EGG

A COMPLETE SET OF __ CHROMOSOMES.

46

THE _______ REPRESENTS THE FIRST CELL OF THE NEW INDIVIDUAL.

ZYGOTE

Head nearly as large as body; all major brain regions present. Liver disproportionately large and begins to form blood cells. Limbs present; though initially webbed, fingers and toes are free by the end of this interval. Bone formation has begun. Heart has been pumping blood since the fourth week. All body systems present in at least rudimentary form.

Approximate crown-to-rump length: 22 mm (0.9 inch); weight: 2 grams (0.07 ounce.

8 weeks

Head still dominant, but body elongating; brain continues to enlarge

Facial features present in crude form

Walls of hollow visceral organs gaining smooth muscle

Blood cell formation begins in bone marrow

Bone formation accelerating

Sex readily detected from the genitalia

Approximate crown-to-rump length at end of interval: 90 mm (9 cm)

9-12 weeks

General sensory organs are present; eyes and ears assume characteristic

position and shape; blinking of eyes and sucking motions of lips occur

Face looks human, and body is beginning to outgrow head

Kidneys attain typical structure

Most bones are distinct, and joint cavities are apparent

Approximate crown-to-rump length at end of interval: 140 mm (14 cm)

13-16 weeks

Vernix caseosa (fatty secretions of sebaceous glands) covers body; silklike hair

(lanugo) covers skin

Fetal position (body flexed anteriorly) assumed because of space restrictions

Limbs achieve near-final proportions

Quickening occurs (mother feels spontaneous muscular activity of fetus)

Approximate crown-to-rump length at end of interval: 190 mm

17-20 weeks

Substantial increase in weight (may survive if born prematurely at 27–28

weeks, but hypothalamus still too immature to regulate body temperature,

and surfactant production by the lungs is still inadequate)

Myelination of spinal cord begins; eyes are open

Skin is wrinkled and red; fingernails and toenails are present

Body is lean and well proportioned

21–30 weeks

Bone marrow becomes sole site of blood cell formation

Testes enter scrotum in seventh month (in males)

Approximate crown-to-rump length at end of interval: 280 mm

Fat laid down in subcutaneous tissue of skin

Approximate crown-to-rump length at end of interval: 360 mm (14 inches);

weight: 3.2 kg (7 pounds)

30–40 weeks

THE CULMINATION OF PREGNANCY

Childbirth or Parturition

IT USUALLY OCCURS WITHIN __ DAYS OF THE CALCULATED
DUE DATE (WHICH IS __ DAYS FROM THE LAST
MENSTRUAL PERIOD).

1.) 15
2.) 280

THE SERIES OF EVENTS THAT EXPEL THE INFANT FROM THE UTERUS IS REFERRED TO AS _____.

LABOR

NARROWING OF THE FORESKIN OF THE PENIS, AND MISPLACED URETHRAL OPENINGS.

Phimosis

FAILURE OF THE TESTES TO MAKE THEIR NORMAL DESCENT.

Cryptorchidism

IS THE PERIOD OF LIFE, GENERALLY BETWEEN THE
AGES OF 10 AND 15 YEARS.

Puberty

Male puberty

13 yrs

Female puberty

11 yrs

MOST COMMON VAGINAL INFECTION.

Escherichia coli

GONORRHEA, SYPHILIS, AND GENITAL WARTS AND YEASTS A TYPE OF FUNGUS.

Sexually transmitted microorganism

Inflamed urethra of men

Urethritis

Inflamed epididymis of men

Epididymitis

Enlarged/Inflamed prostate

Prostatitis

INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTES. IT CAN CAUSE STERILITY.

Orchitis

Most common reproductive cancers in adult:

1.) Tumors of the breast
2.) Tumors of the cervix

ENDING CHILDBEARING ABILITY.

Menopause

AGING MEN EXHIBIT A STEADY DECLINE IN TESTOSTERONE SECRETION AND A LONGER LATENT PERIOD AFTER ORGASM.

Andropause