UCF PSY2012 - Chapter 4

From the textbook Psychology 2E via OpenStax

(4.1) What is sleep debt?

When an individual consistently does not get enough sleep, which causes a decrease in alertness and mental efficiency

(4.1) Why have humans on average gotten less sleep?

The invention of electric lights

(4.1) Do infants or adults need more sleep?

Infants

(4.1) What has sleep deprivation been associated with?

Depression, obesity, etc., and the symptoms that come with those two health conditions.

(4.2) What is sleep?

A name for when individuals experience low levels of physical activity, and lower levels of sensory awareness.

(4.2) What is sleep rebound?

When an individual is sleep deprived, and they have the ability to fall asleep much faster.

(4.2) The hypothesis that the reason humans sleep is a lot like why bears hibernate, that we sleep to reduce energy exertion is from what kind of psychological standpoint?

An evolutionary psychology standpoint

(4.2) How does sleep affect learning and memory?

Sleep helps solidify memory, and thus aids in the learning of new topics and skills

(4.3) What brain waves are most common while we are awake?

Beta Waves

(4.3) What does REM stand for?

Rapid Eye Movement

(4.3) What are the brain waves during REM similar to?

The brain waves of being awake, or beta waves

(4.3) What are the other parts of sleep that aren’t being awake and REM

non-REM or NREM, which consists of 3 stages

(4.3) What stage of sleep is characterized by the average decrease in heart rate, and body temp. That also produces Alpha and Theta waves?

Stage 1

(4.3) What stage of sleep is characterized by deep relaxation with k-complexes, and spindle fibers?

Stage 2

(4.3) what stage of sleep is characterized by deep sleep, with Delta brain waves?

Stage 3

(4.3) What occurs during REM?

Dreaming, and muscle paralysis

(4.3) What is REM rebound?

When a person doesn’t get enough REM in their sleep cycle, they will have to make up for it during other periods of sleep. Much like sleep rebound.

(4.3) What did Freud think dreams could be used for?

That dreams could be used to analyze the unconscious

(4.3) What is the manifest content of a dream?

The actual dream itself

(4.3) What is the latent content of a dream?

The meaning of the dream according to Freud.

(4.3) What was the hypothesis Carl Jung had about dreams?

Believed dreams accessed the the Collective Unconscious that all humans were able to access

(4.3) What is the Collective Unconscious?

Believed it was a theoretical repository of human knowledge

(4.3) What was Rosalind Cartwrights explanation for dreams?

Believed that dreams were representative of our daily lives

(4.3) What was Alan Hobsons explanation for dreams?

Believed that dreams are the brains way of trying to interpret the waves while you are asleep

(4.3) What are Lucid Dreams?

Lucid dreaming is when the person dreaming knows they are dreaming, and an actually control themselves and how the dream continues.

(4.4) What is Insomnia?

A sleep disorder characterized by a difficulty of getting to sleep, and being able to stay asleep more than 3 times a week for a month or longer.

(4.4) What is a Parasomnia?

A group of sleep disorders that are characterized by unwanted motor activity that disrupt sleep.

(4.4) What is sleepwalking?

It is an uncontrolled movement of the body like walking, or sometimes driving a vehicle while in a slow wave sleep.

(4.4) What was Scott Falaters story about sleepwalking?

Stabbed his wife repeatedly during the night during a supposed sleepwalking incident. He was charged with man slaughter, and insists he didn’t intentionally kill his wife. He was reported by family and friends to have a great relationship with his wife.

(4.4) What is a REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

When muscle paralysis does not occur which allows the body to move during REM which could harm themselves and others

(4.4) What is a Parasomnia characterized by discomfort alleviated by constant movement of the leg/s

Restless Leg Syndrome

(4.4) What are night terrors characterized by?

When a sufferer is in REM and is overwhelmed by feelings of fear, and panic with a wish to escape the current environment

(4.4) What are Night Terrors considered?

A parasomnia

(4.4) What parasomnia is characterized by a stopping of breathing for 10-20 seconds, occurring many times a night which can be worsened or caused by obesity?

Sleep Apnea

(4.4) What are the two types of sleep apnea?

1. Obstructive Sleep Apnea
2. Central Sleep Apnea

(4.4) What type of Sleep Apnea is characterized by a physical block, or obstruction, of the airway which stops breathing?

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

(4.4) What causes central sleep apnea?

When the signals to breathe from the brain are blocked, and the message does not get transmitted. Thus you dont breathe.

(4.4) What is the name or acronym for a machine that causes a constant pressure in the airway to keep it open while the individual sleeps?

A Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Machine or a CPAP Machine

(4.4) What does SIDS mean?

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome which is caused by infants who stop breathing when they sleep.

(4.4) What condition is characterized by an individual who sleeps suddenly and uncontrollably with or without some form of muscle paralysis, and can be worsened by stress?

Narcolepsy

(4.5) What manual is used to diagnose people with psychologicals disorders?

the DSM-5

(4.5) What type of dependence is asscoiated with changes to bodily functions without a substance?

A Physical Dependence

(4.5) How is a psychological dependence chacaterized by?

When an individual has an emotional response(s) to not having a substance

(4.5) How is a tolerance described as?

When the intial amount of a substance does not elecit the same level of pleasure, so you must take more of the substance to reach that same amount of pleasure as before.

(4.5) What is the term for feeing adverse, and often time the opposite feelings the substance provided without it?

Withdrawal

(4.5) What does a Depressant do?

A depressant lowers the overall activity of the central nervous system, and has a “quieting” affect on the brain

(4.5) How does alcohol affect an individual?

Alcohol gives a sense of Euphoria, and with larger doses causes ones ability to regulate behavior and emotion, reaction speed, and ability to make fit decisions all decrease

(4.5) What is Alcohol considered?

A Depressant

(4.5) What affects do stimulants have?

Increases neural activity, and works as an agonist for dopamine making stimulants more likely to be addictive

(4.5) What are some examples of stimulants?

Meth, Heroin, Amphetamines, etc.

(4.5) What substance is associated with pain reduction, and euphoria?

Opioids

(4.5) What substance is used to help opioid addicts ease themselves off of them?

Methadone, many clinics that help opioid addicts are called Methadone Clinics

(4.5) What effects do Hallucinogens cause?

They cause abstract visual, and sometimes physical sensations

(4.5) What substance is being slowly legalized across the U.S. and has been prescribed to patients undergoing chemotherapy to stimulate appetite?

Medical Marijuana