Life Science 1st topic

ASVAB

The human body requires these 7 essentials for a healthy body/live

Proteins ,carbs ,fats ,fiber ,minerals ,vitamins ,and water

The body also needs theses vitamins/minerals to maintain healthy

Iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, vitamin A, Vitamin C, vitamin D

Vertebrate(Animals/humans) have what type of skeleton

An (Internal skeleton/Endoskeleton) meaning inner skeleton

Arthropods like ( insects/spiders/crustaceans) have what type of skeleton

An (Exoskeleton/External skeleton), which is a hard outer structure that provides support and protection. outer shell like skeleton

what are 2 things the human skeleton contains

Bone and cartilage which provide structure and support. the bone is the primary support that shield the vital organs and produce blood cells and store calcium. while the cartilage is flexible and is like a cushion.

A connective tissue that connects the muscles to the skeleton

Is a tendon (meat right off the bone)

A connective tissue that connects the bones to other bones

Are ligaments ( they connect stuff like fingers/knees/elbows/and joints)

The 8 stage process for the respiration system

When air enters through the nose it goes thought the

1 nasal cavity

2 Pharynx

3 epiglottis

4 trachea

5 bronchi

6 lungs

7 bronchioles

8 alveolus

what is the system of muscles that allows breathing (inhalation and exhalation)

the diaphragm

Blood flows from the heart to the body which is called the

Circulatory system

In the circulatory system how does the blood flow throw

Both the (superior vena cave head and arms) and the (inferior vena cave legs) goes throw the

1 Right atrium then the

2 Right Ventricle then

3 The pulmonary arteries taking the blood away

4 followed by the pulmonary veins bringing the blood back into the

5 Left atrium to the

6 Left ventricle sending it to the

7 Aorta / body

• to remember

  Right atrium > Right ventricle > lungs > Left atrium > Left ventricle > body

Arteries

Take the blood away

Veins

bring the blood back to the heart

capillaries

Exchange materials such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste between the blood and the bodies cell thought diffusion.

Blood consists of

cells suspended in (plasma) the liquid compound of blood

The 3 types of blood are

Red blood cells (deliver oxygen-carrying cells) UPS

White blood cells (Fight infection) Police

Platelets ( allow blood to clot) to stop bleeding when you get cut

They are all created in the bone marrow, located in the center of the bone

Blood type comes in

4 different types

A,B,AB and O which can be either negative or positive

the letter is determined by the type of molecules ( antigens ) found on the outside of the red blood cells

Positive and negative designation is

assigned based on wether or not cells have a third type of antigen called the (RH factor)

Negative RH-factor (cannot)

receive blood with a positive type

Positive type blood can

receive donor blood that is RH- negative

O negative is a

universal donor, (means it can be given to anybody)

AB positive on the other hand is

the universal recipient, (it can receive any other type of blood)

what is the digestive system responsible for?

Breaking down foods in materials the body can use for energy and building body tissue. the digestive tract is essentially a long and winding tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus.

what is the process for the digestive system

1. In the mouth, enzyme salivary amylase, contained in the saliva, begin to break down starch.

2. then moves into the esophagus, contractions push the food down through the esophagus and into the stomach.

3. In the stomach, food is mixed with gastric acids and pepsin, break down (protein)

4. Most Digestion is in the Small intestine about 23 feet on average, broken down completely by enzymes produced in the walls

5. The large intestine/colon, water ,minerals remaining are absorbed back into the body.

6. chemical wastes are filtered from the blood by the kidneys, secreted into the urine.

7. Rectum, solid waste matter is stored, then periodically released through anus.

8. Urine stored in bladder, then released through urethra.

The nervous system consists of

Brain, and spinal cord, and a network of billions of nerve calls called neurons.

The nervous system contains 2 systems

1. The Central nervous system, which makes up the brain and spinal cord

2. The Peripheral nervous system which contains all the other neurons found throughout the body.

The main components of the central nervous system is

1. Cerebrum, major part, center of intelligence, hearing /seeing / thinking , ect

2. Cerebellum, Balance , movement , and muscle coordination

3. Medulla, Controls involuntary actions, breathing swallowing, and the beating of the heart .

4. Spinal cord, Major connecting, the brain/nerves. carries impulses between all organs and the brain and is also the control for many simple reflexes.

The main components of the peripheral nervous system is

1. Somatic , sends sensory information to the central nervous system and controls voluntary actions.

2. Autonomic , regulates in voluntary activity ,heart , stomach, intestines

Pathogens are

disease-causing agents - such as bacteria and viruses.

Bacteria which are

single-celled organisms, are responsible for disease such as strep throat, staph infections , and pneumonia; these illnesses may be treated with antibiotic medications

Viruses are

not technically living things because they are only able to replicate inside a host’s cell, which include common colds /flu /AIDS /HERPES, they cannot be treated with antibiotics , but some may be treated with specially - designed antiviral drugs, but never cured for some.

Diseases caused by viruses few by bacteria can be

prevented through vaccination ,immunization, prevents many diseases.

Cell theory states that

1. All living things are composed of cells

2. Cells are the basic units and structure of living things

3. New cells are produced from existing cells

Cells are classified into 2 categories based on

The absence or presence of a nucleus

Prokaryotic cells are

characterized by not having a nucleus; bacteria are one example

Eukaryotic cells are

Are characterized by having a nucleus and a more complex structure

Plants/Animals/fungi and protists are made up of these cells

Nucleus of the eukaryotic cell contain genetic material cell, outside the nucleus lies the

Cytoplasm, substance surrounds other cell structures.

Cytoplasm contains many other organelles 6 in total

1. Ribosomes

2. Mitochondria

3. Endoplasmic reticulum

4. Golgi apparatus

5. lysosome

6. Centrosomes

Some plant cells produce there own energy through

Photosynthesis, it is the process by which sunlight, carbon dioxide , and water react to make sugar and oxygen. it serves as source of energy for the cells and takes place in plant cells

Animal cells are surrounded by a semipermeable membrane which allows for the diffusion of water and oxygen . these cells

cannot produce their own energy and rely on consuming outside sources to produce them with the tools to make energy through cellular respiration.

Cellular respiration is the process by which

the mitochondria processes sugar and oxygen to produce energy, water , and carbon dioxide.

Ecology is the study of the interrelationship between

Organisms and their physical surroundings

Population is

A group of organisms of the same species living in the same region. 5th The smallest

Community is

The collection of all ecologically connected species in the area. 4th

Ecosystem is

A system made up of a community of animals, plants, and other organisms as well as the abiotic (non-living) aspects of its environments. 3rd

Biome is

A major life zone of interrelated species bound together by similar climate, vegetation and animal life. 2nd

Biosphere is

The zone of planet earth where life naturally occurs, including land , water, and air, extending from the deep crust to the lower atmosphere. 1st The Largest

Producers

Are mostly plants , known as (Autotrophs), make their own food via photosynthesis.

Decomposers

Are bacteria/fungi , known as (Saprotrophs), they break down organic matter and release minerals back into the soil.

Scavengers

(many insects and certain vertebrates), such as a vulture and jackals by consuming decaying matter, like decaying flesh. example. ants eat dead animals or other insects or crows eat roadkill.

Consumers

Known as ( Heterotrophs); Most Animals including humans, they consume on other organisms to survive.

Consumers are divided into three types

In this order

1. Primary consumers/Herbivores

2. Secondary consumers/Carnivores, or predators

3. Tertiary consumers /Top carnivores

Primary consumers

Herbivores, They consume (Producers /Plants), EX. cows/deer/rabbits/grasshoppers

Secondary consumers

Carnivores or Predators, they consume mainly on primary consumers. EX Foxes/snakes/owls/falcons

Some can also be omnivores they consume both plant and meat. EX,

Chicken/rats/sea otters/some lizards.

Tertiary consumers

Top carnivores, They are capable of eating secondary consumers: many tertiary consumers are also omnivores EX; Lions, wolves, and sharks as well as Humans

All living things fall into a “file cabinet” called

The classification scheme

The 7 levels of the classification scheme from Biggest to smallest

1. Domain. < biggest

2. Kingdom l

3. Phylum. l

4. Class. l

5. Order. l

6. Family. l

7. Genus. l

8. Species < smallest

   To Remember to order

   Dumb / Kids / Picked / Candy / Over / Freshly / Grilled / Sandwiches.

3 different domains in Taxonomy are

1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

3. Eukaryotic

   To remember

   Big / Apples / Everywhere

Genetic is the study of hereditary

Process by which characteristics are passed from parents to offspring

Gametes have

23 unpaired chromosomes (half/haploid) the diploid amount

Diploids have

46 paired chromosomes called diploids

Gametes are created

Sexually , when a female gamete (ovum) combine with a male gamete (sperm) to produce a (zygote/fertilized egg) that both contain 23 pairs of chromosomes a total of ( 46 Diploids )

DNA ( Dexyribonucleiacid) is the molecule that

Contains genetic information, it is written genetic code, with a combination of nucleoticles bind together in specific pattern can be “read”

Genetic traits are inherited independently from one another

1 trait is Dominant , the other

trait is Recessive

A recessive trait

is only expressed if the offspring has 2 copies of that trait.

A dominant trait

will be expressed even if only 1 copy is present

what is a gene

A gene is defined as the unit of inheritance contained with the DNA of an individual

What are alleles

Gene may come in several varieties, know as alleles. Each of us has two alleles for every gene , one inherited from each parent

what is the differences between homozygous and heterozygous

If the alleles are alike, that person is homozygous XX female

if the alleles are different , that person is a heterozygous XY Male

A genotype is a

Persons genetic makeup, including both dominant and recessive alleles

A phenotype is

simply how their genes express themselves in physical characteristics.