Super Quiz #3

Black Death

Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

City-States of Italy

Italy divided into these. Major ones were Florence, Venice, and Milan. Medici family influenced Florence. France/Spain will come to take over Kingdoms ending the Renaissance bc of turmoil

Courts and courtly culture

magnificent households and palaces where signori and other rules lived, conducted business, and supported the arts

Medici banking family

Florence was effectively ruled by... for three centuries. Cosimo, his son Piero, and his grandson Lorenzo ruled from behind the scenes from 1434-1492

Cosimo de Medici

supported education and the arts, made many business connections in Europe

Lorenzo de Medici (the Magnificent)

Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists including Michelangelo and Leonardo and Botticelli (1449-1492)

French Invasion / Italians Wars

Italy became the battleground for international wars and because city-states couldn't unify they often became the subject for subjugation

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Francesco Petrarch

Father of Humanism

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Virtu

The quality of being able to shape the world according to one's own will

Renaissance Man

a person with many talents or areas of knowledge.

The Courtier by Castiglione

Etiquette guide for the modern "renaissance man"; the best of medieval and modern virtues.

Civic Humanism

humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society

Nicolo Machiavelli - The Prince - 1513

Civic humanist(Emphasized service to community
Celebrated "virtu"); uses the examples of classical and contemporary rulers to argue that the function of a ruler is to preserve order and security (1st priority is to protect power) (Informs ppl on gov); seen as the first modern guide to politics. Book is sometimes claimed to be one of the first works of modern philosophy, especially modern political philosophy, in which the effective truth is taken to be more important than any abstract ideal. It was also in direct conflict with the dominant Catholic and scholastic doctrines of the time concerning politics and ethics.

Machiavellian

cunning and deceitful

"it is much safer for a prince to be feared than loved" (also: "the ends justifies the means")

Machiavellian quote

Christian Humanism / Northern Humanism

A branch of humanism associated with northern Europe. Like their Italian counterparts, the Christian humanists closely studied classical texts. However, they also sought to give humanism a specifically Christian content. Christian humanists like Desiderius Erasmus were committed to religious piety and institutional reform.

Thomas More - Utopia - 1516

Civic humanist who rose to a high government position in England. His masterpeice is a description of a utopian society where there is a balance of humanism, religion and property, which he believes causes problems in society. He believed that for harmony in society, individuals must be willing to sacrifice rights for the common good.

Desiderius Erasmus - The Praise of Folly

satire of greedy merchants, pompous priests, querrelsome scholas - wished to reform Church from within

Johannes Gutenberg & Printing Press

German inventor of the Printing Press,which changed learning forever because it made books cheaper and more widely available.

Movable type

Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century.

Florence / Florentine

the city of Florence led the way in the art realm (central city for art) A Florentine is a person who lived in Florence. ex- Michelangelo and Lorenzo de Medici

Pope Julius II

The "Warrior-Pope"; most involved in war and politics; personally led armies against enemies; instituted reconstruction on St. Peter's Basilica.

Michelangelo Buonarroti

(1475-1564) Italian Renaissance sculptor, architect, painter, and poet; he sculpted the Pieta and the David, and he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which took him four years to paint. The ceiling shows sweeping scenes from the Old Testament of the Bible.

ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

1508-1512
Painting by Michelangelo
Fresco
Scenes from Genesis
The Creation of Adam
Location: Sistine Chapel

Giotto

An artist who led the way into realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Single point perspective

A technique for achieving a sense of depth by establishing a single vanishing point and painting or building all objects to diminish to it.

Donatello

(1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature.

St. Peter Basilica

Largest Christian church in the world. Located in the Vatican City in Italy. The dome was created by Michelangelo.

Raphael Sanzio (also Santi)

got the commission for frescoes in the papal apartments, and in his relatively short life he painted hundreds of portraits and devotional images, becoming the most sought-after artist in Europe. Raphael also oversaw a large workshop with many collaborators and apprentices — who assisted on the less difficult sections of some paintings — and wrote treatises on his philosophy of art in which he emphasized the importance of imitating nature and developing an orderly sequence of design and proportion.

Titian

Artist of Venus of Urbino

Mannerism

Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space.

Frescoes

Paintings made on wet plaster walls

Pieter Brueghel

Flemish painter of the 1500s whose favorite subjects were the countryside and peasants.

Chiaroscuro

the treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

Joan of Arc

French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king

Wars of the Roses

(1455-1485) civil war for the English crown between the York (white rose) and Lancaster (red rose) families

House of York & House of Lancaster

two opposing sides in the War of the Roses

Henry VII

first Tudor king of England from 1485 to 1509

Tudor

English royal family, dynasty founded by Henry VII; includes some of England's most influential monarchs; Elizabeth

Catherine of Aragon

1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome.

Ferdinand and Isabella

During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.

Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon

With the marriage of these two monarchs in 1469, the unification of Spain as a single kingdom commenced -- They are best remembered for reconquering the remaining Moorish lands on the Iberian peninsula, sponsoring the voyages of Christopher Columbus, and expelling the Jews from their kingdoms

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Austrian house of Hapsburg

A German dynasty who once was one of the most prominent royal houses of Europe in the 2nd millennium. built in 1020 by Werner, bishop of Strasbourg, and his brother-in-law, Count Radbot, in the Aargau overlooking the Aar River, in what is now Switzerland.

Conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

Caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

astrolabe

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

Bartholomeu Dias & Cape of Good Hope

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get around this vital tip of Africa known as ______ (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500)

Vasco de Gamma & India

porteguese explorer who passed the southern tip of Africa and continued on to Asia landing here. Destroyed the Muslim monopoly on Spice Trade.

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

San Salvador

where Columbus first landed in the New World

Indians

Allies of the French against the British, who continued to fight under Pontiac even after the peace settlement in 1763

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Amerigo Vespucci

A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a new continent, so America was named after him.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

Hernando Cortez

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Moctezuma

Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes.

Inca Empire & Francisco Pizarro

Conquered Incan Empire and founded the city of Lima

Atahualpa

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.

Mercantilist economic doctrine

The idea that foreign trade was a zero-sum game, there was only so much for everyone, so if you wanted to gain more wealth, you would have to take it from someone else, they would lose.

Viceroyalties and Viceroy

A viceroy is an official who runs a country, colony, city, province, or sub-national state, in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory. The term derives from the Latin prefix vice-, meaning "in the place of" and the French word roy, meaning "king". A viceroy's territory may be called a viceroyalty, though this term is not always applied. The adjective form is viceregal, less often viceroyal. The term vicereine is sometimes used to indicate a female viceroy suo jure, although viceroy can serve as a gender-neutral term. Vicereine is more commonly used to indicate a viceroy's wife.

Encomienda system

It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity

hacienda

Spanish colonists formed large, self-sufficient farming estates known as these.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

indigenous population

people already living in a particular region or environment before exploration by Europeans

Potosi silver mines

Mine located in upper Peru; largest of New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver. THe system to get the silver was the Mita Labor) System where the Spanish forced the neatives to work at 6-7 days a week in dangerous conditions

Dutch East Indian Company (Asian spices) - 1602

In the final years of the sixteenth century the Dutch challenged the Spanish and Portuguese Empires. During this period the Protestant Dutch were engaged in a long war of independence from their Spanish Catholic overlords. The joining of the Portuguese crown to Spain in 1580 meant that the Dutch had both strategic and commercial reasons to attack Portugal's commercial empire. In 1599 a Dutch fleet returned to Amsterdam carrying 600,000 pounds of pepper and 250,000 pounds of cloves and nutmeg. Those who had invested in the expedition received a 100 percent profit. The voyage led to the establishment in 1602 of the Dutch East India Company, founded with the stated intention of capturing the Asian spice trade from the Portuguese.

Dutch West Indian Company (the Americas) - 1621

transported thousands of Africans to Brazil and the Caribbean, mostly to work on sugar plantations. In the mid-seventeenth century the English got involved.

transatlantic slave trade

Trading of slaves from Africa to the Americas

abolition

Movement to end slavery

creole

Descendants of the Europeans in Latin America, usually implies an upper class status.

mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Anti-clericalism

opposition to the political power of religious institutions or the clergy

Pluralism, Dualism and Absenteeism

The practice of holding more than one church office at a time. Clerics held offices simultaneously, but they rarely visited them, let alone performed the spiritual responsibilities those offices entailed. Instead, they collected revenues from all of them and hired a poor priest, paying them very little

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

University of Wittenberg

The first Protestant university

Pope Leo X

began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church

St. Peter's Indulgence

A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins. Pope Leo X authorized the sale of this one to finance his building plans in Rome

Albert of Mainz

Archbishop who controlled indulgence sales. Hired Johann Tetzel.

Indulgences & Purgatory

Those who were not baptized but did not deserve hell (dead babies) or simply didn't deserve heaven either went here (Limbo). By giving money to the Catholic Church, you could get time off for dead relatives. This was one of Martin Luther's complaints, since it was kind of a scam.

Johanne Tetzel

hired by Albrecht to sell indulgences, was selling a pitch "as soon as coin in coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs"

95 Theses, 1517

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the church door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation

Johann Eck

Formidable scholar and champion of Catholicism who debated Luther in the summer of 1519.

Excommunication

Banishment from the church

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation

diet

assembly or legislature

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

Protestant

a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation

Priesthood of all Believers

Luther's revolutionary idea that every believer had the ability to read and interpret the Bible, that all people of faith were viewed by God as equals. This challenged the Church's position that priests had an exclusive ability to do so.

transubstantiation

Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.

Elector of Saxony (Frederick of Saxony)

Luther lived in a territory ruled by this noble and he also worked closely with political authorities, viewing them as fully justified in asserting control over the church in their territories. He defended Martin Luther

German Peasant War

Started as a result of crop failures in 1523-24. Asked for Martin Luther's help but he condemns them instead and they are all killed.

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.