Human Health and Disease

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering Human Health and Disease lecture notes including pathogens, immunity, AIDS, cancer, and drug abuse.

Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and __________ well-being.

social

The three main factors affecting health are genetic disorders, infections, and __________.

lifestyle

Diseases are broadly classified into infectious and __________ diseases.

non-infectious

Typhoid fever is caused by the pathogenic bacterium __________.

Salmonella typhi

A classic symptom of typhoid is sustained high fever between ${39}^\text{o}\text{C}$ to __________.

$${40}^\text{o}\text{C}$$

Typhoid fever is confirmed and diagnosed using the __________ test.

Widal

The classic case of a carrier cook who spread typhoid was Mary Mallon, known as __________.

Typhoid Mary

Pneumonia is caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and __________.

Haemophilus influenzae

In pneumonia, the infected organs are the __________ of the lungs, which fill with fluid.

alveoli

Tuberculosis is also known as __________ disease.

Koch's

Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and is also known as __________ disease.

Hansen's

Common cold is caused by a group of viruses called __________.

Rhino virus

Malignant malaria is caused by the protozoan species Plasmodium __________.

falciparum

The vector that transmits Plasmodium to humans is the female __________ mosquito.

Anopheles

The infectious form of Plasmodium that enters the human body via mosquito bite is the __________.

sporozoite

Rupture of RBCs during malaria releases a toxic substance called __________, causing recurring chills and fever.

haemozoin

Amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery) is caused by the parasite __________.

Entamoeba histolytica

The mechanical carrier that transmits Entamoeba histolytica from house waste to food is the __________.

house fly

Filariasis (elephantiasis) is caused by filarial worms Wuchereria bancrofti and __________.

W. malayi

Filarial worms cause chronic inflammation of the __________ vessels, usually of the lower limbs.

lymphatic

Ringworm infection is caused by fungi belonging to the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton, and __________.

Epidermophyton

The fish introduced into ponds to feed on mosquito larvae is __________.

Gambusia

The disease that has been completely eradicated through vaccination is __________.

Smallpox

Chikungunya is transmitted to humans by the bite of the female __________ mosquito.

Aedes

Tears from the eyes and saliva in the mouth represent __________ barriers of innate immunity.

physiological

Virus-infected cells secrete proteins called __________ to protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.

interferons

The antibody-mediated immune response is also called the __________ immune response.

humoral

The cell-mediated immune response is mediated by T-lymphocytes and is responsible for graft __________.

rejection

The antibody present in colostrum secretes natural passive immunity to infants is __________.

IgA

Allergic responses are characterized by exaggerated immune reactions mediated by the antibody type __________.

IgE

Allergic symptoms are triggered by the release of chemicals such as __________ and serotonin from mast cells.

histamine

An example of an autoimmune disease mentioned in the notes is __________.

Rheumatoid arthritis

The primary lymphoid organ where all blood cells, including lymphocytes, are produced is the __________.

bone marrow

The secondary lymphoid organ that acts as a reservoir of erythrocytes is the __________.

spleen

MALT (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) constitutes about __________% of the lymphoid tissue in the human body.

$$50\%$$

AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which belongs to the class of viruses called __________.

retrovirus

The time lag between HIV infection and the appearance of AIDS symptoms is usually __________ years.

5-10

In HIV replication, viral RNA is converted into viral DNA by the enzyme __________.

reverse transcriptase

During HIV infection, infected __________ act as HIV factories by continuously replicating and releasing new viruses.

macrophages

HIV causes immune deficiency by progressively decreasing the count of helper __________ cells.

T-lymphocytes

Normal cells show a property called __________ inhibition, which prevents uncontrolled proliferation.

contact

The property of malignant tumor cells sloughing off and starting new tumors at distant sites is called __________.

metastasis

Genes present in normal cells that can undergo activation to cause cancer are called __________.

proto-oncogenes

In cancer immunotherapy, biological response modifiers like __________-interferon are administered to activate the immune system.

$$\alpha$$

Heroin (smack) is chemically named __________.

diacetylmorphine

Morphine is extracted from the latex of the poppy plant, botanically named __________.

Papaver somniferum

Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescences of the plant __________.

Cannabis sativa

Cocaine (coca alkaloid) is derived from Erythroxylum coca and interferes with the transport of the neurotransmitter __________.

dopamine

Plants known for their hallucinogenic properties include Datura and __________.

Atropa belladonna

Nicotine in tobacco stimulates the __________ gland to release hormones that raise blood pressure and heart rate.

adrenal

Chronic use of alcohol and drugs damages the nervous system and leads to liver __________.

cirrhosis

The tendency of the body to manifest unpleasant symptoms if a regular drug dose is abruptly stopped is called __________.

dependence