Derivatives of Monosaccharides

Aldonic Acid (2)

Oxidation of an aldehyde group

D-Gluconic Acid

Uronic Acid (2)

Oxidation of the terminal hydroxyl group

D-Glucuronic Acid

D-Glucitol (2)

Reducing the carbonyl group to form a sugar alcohol

Sorbitol

D-Mannitol

Reducing the carbonyl group to form a sugar alcohol

D-Xylitol

Reducing the carbonyl group to form a sugar alcohol

D-Erythritol (2)

Reducing the carbonyl group to form a sugar alcohol

Truvia

Glucose-6-phosphate

Esterification - hydroxyl groups react with acids to form esters with phosphate or sulfate

2-Deoxy-D-ribose

Reduction of a hydroxyl group forms deoxy sugars

2-Deoxy-α-D-ribose

Reduction of a hydroxyl group forms deoxy sugars

α-D-2-Galactosamine

Substitution of a hydroxyl group by an amino acid

α-D-2-Glucosamine

Substitution of a hydroxyl group by an amino acid

N-acetylglucosamine

Substitution of a hydroxyl group by an amino acid

N-acetylgalactosamine

Substitution of a hydroxyl group by an amino acid

Muramic acid reaction

Amino group is modified by the addition of an acetate group in an amide linkage

Muramic acid additional information

Synthesized by bacteria. starts as glucose. For the cell wall. Some antibiotics inhibit the synthesis of this.

N-acetylneuraminic acid reaction

Amino group is modified by the addition of an acetate group in an amide linkage

N-acetylneuraminic acid additional information

Synthesized by mammals. Starts as glucose.