Endocrine System (Pituitary Gland)

oxytocin effects

uterine contractions and milk ejection

- act as a neurotransmitter in brain (CUDDLE HORMONE)

Anti-diuretic hormone ADh) effects

- targets kidney tubules to reabsorb water

- prevents wide water balance swings by INHIBITING URINE FORMATION

what neurons produces oxytocin

paraventricular neurons

what neurons produce ADh

supraoptic neurons

what are the effects of the growth hormone

- increases metabolism and growth-promoting actions

- highest levels of secretion are during sleep

Direct Action (Quick Energy)

- decreases glucose uptake rate (anti-insulin)

-triggers liver to break down glycogen to glucose

- increases blood level of fatty acids

Indirect Action

- triggers liver, skeletal muscle, and bone to produce insulin like growth factors (IGFs)

- IGFs are growth promoting proteins

what are the direct action of the growth hormone

- decreases glucose uptake rate (anti-insulin)

-triggers liver to break down glycogen to glucose

- increases blood level of fatty acids

what are the indirect actions of growth hormones

- triggers liver, skeletal muscle, and bone to produce insulin like growth factors (IGFs)

- IGFs are growth promoting proteins

thyroid stimulation hormone effects

stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid

adrenocorticotropic hormone effects

- stimulates adrenal medulla to release corticosteroids

- glucosteroids cause a negative feedback loop (inhibitors)

follicle-stimulating hormone effects

stimulates the production of gametes

(EGG AND SPERM)

luteinizing hormone

promotes the production of gonadal hormones

(SEX HORMONES)

prolactin effects

- stimulates milk productions

- role in males not well understood

detailed explanation of prolactin effects on women

- PRL levels rise and fall with estrogen blood levels

- increased levels before menstruation causes breast swelling and tenderness

- during pregnancy and birth, PRL levels are so high that milk production is possible

what hormones sent from the hypothalamus to the pituitary

GHRH: growth hormone releasing hormone

GHIH: growth hormone inhibiting hormone

TRH: thyrotropin releasing hormone

CRH: corticotropin releasing hormone

GnRH: gonadotropin releasing hormone

PIH: prolactin inhibiting hormone

what hormones are found in the anterior pituitary

GH: growth hormone

TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone

ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone

FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone

LH: luteinizing hormone

PRL: prolactin

what is the inhibitor in growth hormone and where does it inhibit

- growth hormone inhibiting hormone

- growth hormone when it comes into contact with GHRH, GHIH

what is the inhibitor in thyroid hormone and where does it inhibit

thyroid hormone when it comes into contact with hypothalamus or anterior pituitary

what is the inhibitor in adrenal hormone and where does it inhibit

glucocorticoids when it comes into contact with hypothalamus or anterior pituitary

what is the inhibitor in gonadal hormones and where does it inhibit

gonadal hormones when it comes into contact with anterior pituitary

what is the inhibitor in prolactin and where does it inhibit

prolactin inhibiting hormone in the hypothalamus

how does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary

through the portal system

- two capillary plexuses (beds) connected by veins