AP Bio Quiz #2

Polar Covalent Bond

Electrons are NOT shared equally

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Electrons shared equally

Cohesion

Waters ability to stick to other water molecules called hydrogen bonding which provides surface tension

Adhesion

Waters ability to stick to other molecules and surfaces

Capillary Action

Liquid moving up or throughout narrow spaces and caused by adhesion/cohesion

Temperature Absorption

Water can absorb lots of energy without changing temperature

Expansion Upon Freezing

H-bonds spreading out between water molecules at low temperatures, increasing surface area and making ice float (less dense than water)

Water as a Solvent

Ionic substance dissolved in water and each ion is surrounded by a sphere called hydrogen shell

Hydrophilic

Substances that dissolve in water (salt)

Hydrophobic

Substances that cant dissolve in water (oil)

4 Characteristics of Carbon

1.) Each carbon atom forms up to 4 covalent bonds with other atoms

2.) Can be polar or nonpolar

3.) Can form carbon rings or chains

4.) Can be assembled and remodeled into a variety of organic compounds

Functional Groups

Clusters of atoms on a molecule that when attracted to a hydrocarbon, affect molecules function to help determine how that molecule will behave

Monomer

Small subunits to build larger molecules

Polymer

Larger molecules that are built from chains of monomers

Dehydration Synthesis

How cells BUILD large molecules from smaller ones

Hydrolysis

How cells split large molecules into smaller ones

Carbohydrate Uses

Energy, structure, and for storing/transporting energy

Carbohydrate monomers

Monosaccharides like glucose, fructose, and galactose

Storage Polysaccharides (in animals)

(Glycogen) Are for future energy usage in animals

Structural Polysaccharides

(Cellulose) used as a building material in plants

Functions of Lipids

Long term energy storage

Structure of cell membranes

Insulate the body

Glycerol

3-carbon alcohol

Fatty Acids

Hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group

Saturated Fatty Acid

Possess single bonds in the hydrocarbon chain, and have linear structure

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Have at least one double bond in the hydrocarbon chain, which created a kinked structure

Phospholipid Structure

2 fatty acid tails and a phosphate head

How does lipid bilayer form in aqueous solutions?

Nonpolar fatty acid tails will turn away from the water, and the polar phosphate heads will turn toward the water