INORGANIC PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

MODULE1: PHARM CHEM 1

Top 3 most abundant ELEMENT:

1. (non-metal)

2. (non-metal)

3. (Most abundant metal)

1. Oxygen (O2)

2. Silicon (Si)

3. Aluminun (Al)

Most abundant AIR GAS

Nitrogen (N2)

Air gas composition and ratio

Nitrogen + Oxygen (71:29)

Most abundant NOBLE GAS

Argon

Least abundant NOBLE GAS

Krypton and Xenon

Most abundant Intra- & Extracellular ions:

Most abundant/ major/ principal/ primary (1)

• ____________

• ____________

• PISO (K+ in, Na+ out)

• PICO (HPO4^-2 in, Cl- out)

Most abundant Intra- & Extracellular ions:

2nd most abundant/ minor/ Secondary (2)

• ____________

• ____________

• MICO (Mg2+ in, Ca2+ out)

• BIO (HCO3- out)

most important physiological buffer system

HCO3- : H2CO3

Most abundant physiological buffer system in RESPIRATORY

• element (ph) effect

CO2 (acidic) > inc. Acidosis dec. Alkalosis

Most abundant physiological buffer system in METABOLIC

• element (ph) effect

HCO3- (basic) > dec. Acidosis (DOC: NaHCO3) inc. Alkalosis

VITAMINS FOR MAXIMUM MINERAL ABSORPTION (FeCaDSeE)

• Fe Vit. C; CuSO4 blue vitriol (enhance Fe utilization) Ca Vit. D Se Vit. E

Elements: Nitrogen (n2)

Container: __________

Elements: __________

Container: Black cylinder

Elements: Nitrogen oxide (NO2) and Nitrous oxide (N2O)

Container: __________

Elements: __________

Container: Blue cylinder

Elements: Magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2]

Container: __________

Elements: __________

Container: blue bottle

Elements: Oxygen

Container: ________

Elements: __________

Container: Green cylinder

Elements: Argon

Container: ________

Elements: ________

Container: Dark green

Elements: Carbon dioxide

Container: ________

Elements: ______

Container: Grey

Elements: Helium

Container: ________

Elements: _________

Container: Brown

Elements: Hydrogen

Container: _________

Elements: ________

Container: Red

Elements: Acetylene

Container: _______

Elements: _________

Container: Maroon

Elements: Clorine

Container: _______

Elements: _________

Container: Yellow

Elements: Lithium

Container: ________

Elements: ________

Container: Coated w/ petroleum or under oil (ra)

Elements: White/Yellow P

Container: ________

Elements: ________

Container: Under water

Composition of Gas

• _____+______

Silica + Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)

Glass type: I

Description: ________________ (e.g. Pyrex, Borosil)

• ______ decrease coefficient of expansion

Glass type:

Description: Highly Resistant Borosilicate (e.g. Pyrex, Borosil)

• Boron decreases coefficient of expansion

Glass type: II

Description: __________

Glass type: _____

Description: Treated Soda Lime Glass

Glass type: III

Description: __________

Glass type: _____

Description: Soda Lime Glass; Dry Powder Packaging

Glass type: IV/NP

Description: _______

Glass type: ________

Description: General Soda Lime Glass

Leach tests

• Glass type: Type II

• Test: ______

Leach tests

• Glass type: _______

• Test: Water attack test

Leach tests

• Glass type: Type 1 and III

• Test: ________

Leach tests

• Glass type: _______

• Test: Powder Glass test

Element: Potassium

Glass modification: ______

Element: ______

Glass modification: Brown/ amber, light resistant

Element: Selenium (Se)

Glass modification: ________

Element: ________

Glass modification: Red

Element: MnO2

Glass modification: ______

Element: ________

Glass modification: Masks blue-green color Fe usu. present in glass

Element: B (as borate)

Glass modification: ______

Element: _______

Glass modification: Decrease coefficient of expansion

Element: Lead

Glass modification: _________

Element: _________

Glass modification: Increase refractive index

Element: Rare earths

Glass modification: _________

Element: _______

Glass modification: Selectively absorb light of certain wavelengths

Element: HF

Glass modification: _________

Element: _________

Glass modification: Glass etching

What is the 1st most abundant element (non-metal)?

Oxygen (O₂)

What is the 2nd most abundant element (non-metal)?

Silicon (Si)

What is the most abundant metal element?

Aluminum (Al)

What gases make up air and in what ratio?

N₂ (71%) and O₂ (29%)

Which noble gas is most abundant in air?

Argon (Ar)

Which noble gases are least abundant?

Krypton (Kr) and Xenon (Xe)

What is the most abundant intracellular cation?

K⁺ (Potassium)

What is the most abundant extracellular cation?

Na⁺ (Sodium)

What is the most abundant intracellular anion?

HPO₄²⁻ (Phosphate)

What is the most abundant extracellular anion?

Cl⁻ (Chloride)

What is the 2nd most abundant intracellular cation?

Mg²⁺ (Magnesium)

What is the 2nd most abundant extracellular cation?

Ca²⁺ (Calcium)

What is the major extracellular buffer ion?

HCO₃⁻ (Bicarbonate)

What is the most important physiological buffer system?

HCO₃⁻ : H₂CO₃ (Bicarbonate–Carbonic acid system)

Which condition is caused by CO₂ retention (respiratory)?

Respiratory acidosis

Which condition is caused by excess HCO₃⁻ (metabolic)?

Metabolic alkalosis

Which vitamin enhances iron absorption?

Vitamin C

Which compound enhances iron utilization?

CuSO₄ (Blue vitriol)

Which vitamin enhances calcium absorption?

Vitamin D

Which vitamin enhances selenium absorption?

Vitamin E

What is the cylinder color for N₂?

Black

What is the cylinder color for NO₂ and N₂O?

Blue

What is the bottle color for Mg(OH)₂?

Blue bottle

What is the cylinder color for O₂?

Green

What is the cylinder color for Ar?

Dark green

What is the cylinder color for CO₂?

Grey

What is the cylinder color for He?

Brown

What is the cylinder color for H₂?

Red

What is the cylinder color for Acetylene?

Maroon

What is the cylinder color for Cl₂?

Yellow

How is lithium stored?

Coated with petroleum or under oil.

How is white/yellow phosphorus stored?

Under water

What are the main components of glass?

Silica + Na₂CO₃

Type I glass and its property?

Highly resistant borosilicate (e.g., Pyrex, Borosil)

What does boron do in glass?

Decreases coefficient of expansion

Type II glass and its test?

Treated soda lime glass; tested by water attack test.

Type III glass and its test?

Soda lime glass; tested by powdered glass test.

Type IV/NP glass and its use?

General soda lime glass; not for parenteral use.

Which glass type is used for dry powder packaging?

Type III (Soda lime)

What modification gives glass amber/brown color for light resistance?

Potassium (K)

What modification gives red color?

Selenium (Se)

What modification masks blue-green color from Fe impurities?

Manganese dioxide (MnO₂)

What does lead (Pb) do to glass?

Increases refractive index

What do rare earth elements do to glass?

Selectively absorb light of certain wavelengths

What is used for glass etching?

Hydrofluoric acid (HF)

Lithium Deficiency and Toxicity:

What electrolyte imbalance can lithium cause?

Hypokalemia

Lithium Deficiency and Toxicity:

What movement disorder can lithium cause?

Tremors

Lithium Deficiency and Toxicity:

What sodium-related condition can lithium cause?

Hyponatremia leading to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (polyuria)

Lithium Deficiency and Toxicity:

Should sodium intake be restricted in lithium therapy?

No, sodium should not be restricted

Lithium Deficiency and Toxicity:

What thyroid disorder can lithium cause?

Hypothyroidism

Lithium Deficiency and Toxicity:

What pregnancy risk does lithium pose?

Teratogenic effects

Sodium Deficiency and Toxicity:

What condition results from sodium deficiency?

Hyponatremia (low blood Na levels)

Sodium Deficiency and Toxicity:

Hyponatremia (low blood Na levels)

Hypernatremia (fluid retention, high Na levels)

Potassium Deficiency and Toxicity:

What condition results from potassium deficiency?

Hypokalemia → muscle paralysis (caused by burns, diarrhea)

Potassium Deficiency and Toxicity:

What condition results from potassium toxicity?

Hyperkalemia → cardiac arrest due to muscle contraction.

Potassium Deficiency and Toxicity:

Q: What compound is used in mercy killing due to its potassium content?

A: KCl

Potassium Deficiency and Toxicity:

Q: What is the antidote for hyperkalemia?

A: Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate®), a cation exchange resin.

Copper Deficiency and Toxicity:

Q: What skin symptom is caused by copper toxicity?

A: Bronze-like skin discoloration

Copper Deficiency and Toxicity:

Q: What is the antidote for copper toxicity?

A: Penicillamine (Cuprimine®)

Silver Deficiency and Toxicity:

Q: What condition results from chronic silver exposure?

A: Argyria (darkened skin)

Silver Deficiency and Toxicity:

Q: What is the antidote for silver toxicity?

A: NaCl (Normal saline solution), isotonic and less painful.

Gold Deficiency and Toxicity:

Q: What are the toxic effects of gold ingestion?

A: Dermatitis and glossitis (tongue inflammation).

Gold Deficiency and Toxicity:

Q: What is the antidote for gold toxicity?

A: BAL (British Anti-Lewisite).