5-6 DevPsy

Visit the note in my original message as it is much more in-depth (while still summarising the textbook a bunch for easy reading)

What term describes the cognitive structures pertaining to common cultural activities that children begin to grasp in middle childhood?

Cultural models.

During middle childhood, what is the average annual increase in height for children?

5 to 8 cm.

Which age group across the lifespan typically has the lowest Body Mass Index (BMI)?

Children aged 6 to 10 years old.

At what age do boys typically begin to grow stronger than girls on measures of core and limb strength?

After age 11.

By the end of middle childhood, how many 'primary teeth' has the average child lost?

20.

Why do inner ear infections become less frequent during middle childhood?

The tube in the inner ear becomes longer and narrower, preventing bacteria from flowing from the mouth.

Which brain structure, when myelinated, accelerates reaction time by connecting the two hemispheres?

The corpus callosum.

What cognitive benefit is associated with regular physical activity in middle childhood?

Executive function (the ability to solve problems without distraction).

How do drawing skills change in middle childhood regarding depth perception?

Children learn to indicate three-dimensional depth by overlapping objects and adjusting sizes.

According to the consensus, what is the sensitive period for the long-term cognitive effects of malnutrition?

From the second trimester of pregnancy to age 3.

What percentage of obese children are likely to remain overweight as adults?

80%.

The 'hygiene hypothesis' suggests that high standards of cleanliness may increase the risk of which chronic respiratory illness?

Asthma.

By age 12, what is the typical sequence length a child can recall in a working memory test?

7 numbers.

Name three types of mnemonics that children first learn to use in middle childhood.

Rehearsal, organisation, and elaboration.

The rise in median IQ scores observed throughout the 20th century is known as the _____.

Flynn effect.

In Sternberg’s triarchic theory, which type of intelligence involves acquiring, storing, and retrieving information?

Analytical intelligence.

Which form of intelligence in Sternberg's theory involves the ability to combine information in original ways to produce new insights?

Creative intelligence.

What is Sternberg's term for the ability to apply information to everyday problems and evaluate social situations?

Practical intelligence.

By age 10 or 11, approximately how many words does the average child know?

40,000 words.

Concept: Pragmatics

Definition: The social and cultural rules governing what to say and when to say it.

What term describes the greater awareness of the underlying structure of language often seen in multilingual children?

Metalinguistic skills.

How does self-concept change from early childhood to middle childhood?

It shifts from external/physical characteristics to internal/psychological traits.

In which type of culture is self-criticism often viewed as a virtue and high self-esteem as a character problem?

Collectivistic cultures (e.g., traditional Japanese culture).

Which factor is the strongest contributor to overall self-esteem for most children and adolescents?

Physical appearance.

Concept: Co-regulation

Definition: A relationship where parents provide broad guidelines while children handle substantial independent, self-directed behaviour.

At what developmental stage does sibling conflict typically peak?

Middle childhood.

In the context of divorce, what is the 'coercive cycle'?

A pattern where a child's non-compliant behaviour evokes harsh parental responses, triggering further resistance.

The principle that people prefer being around others who are similar to themselves is called _____.

selective association.

What is the primary difference between friendships in early childhood and middle childhood?

The addition of trust as a vital component alongside shared activities.

What is Erikson’s middle childhood stage, focused on learning to work effectively with cultural materials?

Industry vs Inferiority.

Puberty is initiated by chemical events in which bean-sized brain structure?

The hypothalamus.

Which specific oestrogen is most important for pubertal development in females?

Oestradiol.

Which specific androgen is most important for pubertal development in males?

Testosterone.

Define 'primary sex characteristics'.

Bodily changes directly related to reproduction, such as the production of ova and sperm.

What term refers to a girl's first menstrual period?

Menarche.

What term refers to a male's first ejaculation?

Spermarche.

Provide three examples of secondary sex characteristics.

Growth of pubic hair, lowering of the voice, and increased skin oil production.

What is the process of 'synaptic exuberance' (or overproduction)?

A sharp increase in synaptic connections occurring around the start of puberty.

Which part of the brain is responsible for higher functions like planning and moral judgement, and undergoes significant pruning in adolescence?

The frontal lobes.

What is the purpose of 'synaptic pruning' in the adolescent brain?

To make the brain work more efficiently by specialising pathways and removing unused synapses.

What is the fatty blanket wrapped around neurons that increases the speed of electrical signals?

Myelin.

Which brain structure, associated with movement and social skills, is the last to stop growing in the mid-20s?

The cerebellum.

How does early maturation typically affect the body image of adolescent girls?

It often leads to a more negative body image due to a shorter, heavier appearance in cultures valuing slimness.

What are two common behavioural health problems that arise specifically during adolescence?

Eating disorders and substance use.

The use of substances to relieve unpleasant emotional states is known as _____.

self-medication.

According to Piaget, which stage of cognitive development begins around age 11?

Formal operations.

Define 'hypothetical-deductive reasoning'.

The ability to think scientifically and apply the scientific method to cognitive tasks.

What is the name of the task Piaget used to determine if a child had reached the stage of formal operations?

The pendulum problem.

At what age does performance in executive functioning typically peak?

Around age 25.

What is 'metacognition'?

The capacity to think about one's own thinking and the thoughts of others.

In Elkind’s theory, what is the 'imaginary audience'?

The belief that others are thinking about and watching you as much as you are thinking about yourself.

Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism involves the belief in one's personal uniqueness and invulnerability?

The personal fable.

According to Vygotsky, what is the 'zone of proximal development'?

The gap between what a person can do alone and what they can do with guidance from a more experienced person.

What term describes the decreasing degree of assistance provided as a learner becomes more competent?

Scaffolding.

What is the primary instructional focus in Eastern schools (e.g., Japan) compared to Western schools?

Eastern schools focus on rote learning, while Western schools emphasise critical thinking and creativity.

What research method uses mobile phones to alert participants randomly to record their thoughts and feelings in the moment?

Experience Sampling Method (ESM).

Distinguish between the 'actual self' and 'possible selves'.

The actual self is one’s current self-conception, while possible selves are who one imagines they could become.

What is the 'feared self'?

The person an adolescent dreads becoming in the future.

What is a 'false self'?

A self presented to others that does not represent what the individual is actually thinking or feeling.

According to the gender-intensification hypothesis, why do gender differences increase during adolescence?

Due to intensified socialisation pressures to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles.

The 'Ethic of Autonomy' defines morality based on what primary authority?

The individual.

Which moral worldview bases judgements on the responsibilities of roles in families and social groups?

The Ethic of Community.

The 'Ethic of Divinity' defines the individual as a _____.

spiritual entity subject to divine authority.

What is the difference between a 'clique' and a 'crowd'?

Cliques are small groups of friends who do things together; crowds are larger, reputation-based groups.

How do 'permissive' sexual cultures differ from 'restrictive' ones?

Permissive cultures tolerate or encourage adolescent sexuality, while restrictive cultures place strong prohibitions on it.

Which brain structure myelination increases reaction time in both fine and gross motor tasks?

The corpus callosum.

What is the most popular organised sport for Australian girls aged 9 to 11?

Swimming.

What is the most popular organised sport for Australian boys aged 9 to 11?

Football/soccer.

In middle childhood, why do children's smiles often look 'toothy' or too big for their mouths?

Permanent teeth are adult-sized and do not grow much once they come in.

Under the information-processing approach, what are the three key areas of advancement in middle childhood?

Attention, memory, and executive function.

Why is the potential for substance use higher in early-maturing adolescents?

Physical development draws the attention of older peers who introduce them to risky behaviours.

What is 'divided attention'?

The ability to focus on more than one task at a time.

Which type of memory has essentially unlimited capacity and becomes more effective as knowledge increases?

Long-term memory.

In the Dioula culture, how is weaving taught to adolescent boys?

Through scaffolding, where the father provides patterns of increasing complexity.

According to ESM studies, what happens to the experience of 'very happy' moods as children move into adolescence?

It declines by approximately 50%.

With whom are adolescents most likely to exhibit their 'false self'?

Potential romantic partners.

Name three of the eight subscales of self-esteem proposed by Harter.

Scholastic competence, social acceptance, and physical appearance.

What are the five common types of adolescent 'crowds'?

Elites, Athletics, Academics, Deviants, and Others.