Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology - Bone

Flashcards on the key concepts related to bone anatomy and physiology for study purposes.

Support

Function of bones that forms the framework to support the body.

Protection

Function of bones that provides a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs.

Movement

Function of bones that provides levers for muscles.

Hematopoiesis

Blood cell production that occurs within the red marrow cavities of bones.

Mineral storage

Bone function as a reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus.

Energy storage

Role of yellow bone marrow which consists primarily of adipose tissue.

Sutural Bones

Small, irregular bones found between the flat bones of the skull.

Irregular Bones

Bones having complex shapes, such as spinal vertebrae and pelvic bones.

Short Bones

Bones that are small and thick; examples include ankle and wrist bones.

Flat Bones

Thin bones with parallel surfaces found in the skull, sternum, ribs, and scapulae.

Long Bones

Bones that are long and thin; examples include arms, legs, hands, and fingers.

Sesamoid Bones

Bones that are usually small, round, and flat, developing inside tendons near joints.

Compact Bone

Dense outer layer of bone also known as cortical bone.

Spongy Bone

Bone texture resembling a honeycomb filled with red and/or yellow bone marrow.

Trabeculae

Structural elements resembling small beams or crossbars found in spongy bone.

Diaphysis

Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones and is composed of compact bone.

Epiphyses

Expanded ends of long bones containing spongy bone and covered with articular cartilage.

Metaphyses

Region where diaphysis joins the epiphyses, including the epiphyseal plate or line.

Periosteum

Double-layered outer membrane covering bones, containing blood and lymphatic vessels.

Endosteum

Delicate cellular layer covering internal surfaces of bone, involved in growth and remodeling.

Osteogenic Cells

Cells that divide and differentiate into osteoblasts, maintaining the population of osteoblasts.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that secrete osteoid and produce new bone matrix.

Osteocytes

Mature osteoblasts found in lacunae that maintain bone tissue and communicate through canaliculi.

Osteoclasts

Large, multinucleated cells that break down and remove bone matrix.

Calcium Phosphate

Predominant mineral in bone that provides hardness and resistance to compression.

Collagen fibers

Fibers that provide flexibility and a framework for calcium crystals in bone.

Nutritional Effects on Bone Growth

Includes the roles of vitamins D3, C, and minerals like calcium in bone development.

Hormonal Effects on Bone Growth

Regulated by hormones like growth hormone, sex hormones, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone.

Gigantism

Condition caused by overproduction of growth hormone before epiphyseal cartilage closure.

Osteopenia

Condition of inadequate ossification and reduction of bone mass beginning in middle age.

Osteoporosis

Severe loss of bone mass occurring particularly in women after menopause.

Fracture Repair

Process involving hematoma formation, callus formation, spongy bone formation, and compact bone formation.

Wolff’s law

Theory that bone grows or remodels in response to the forces placed upon it.