HLTH 1010 -- Chapter 9

The Digestive System

an/o-

anus, ring

chol/e-

bile, gall

cholecyst/o-

gallbladder

col/o-, colon/o-

colon, large intestine

-emesis

vomiting

enter/o-

small intestine

esophago/o-

esophagus

gastr/o-

stomach, belly

hepat/o-

liver

-lithiasis

presence of stones

-pepsia

digest, digestion

-phagia

eating, swallowing

proct/o-

anus and rectum

rect/o-

rectum, straight

sigmoid/o-

sigmoid colon

aerophagia

excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking and common cause of gas in stomach

anastomosis

surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures

antiemetic

medication to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting

acites

abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal cavity

bariatrics

branch of medicine concerned with prevention and management of obesity and associated diseases

borborygmus

rumbling noise caused by movement of gas in intestine

cachexia

physical wasting away due to loss of weight and muscle mass

canker sores

gray-white pits with red borders in soft tissues lining mouth

celiac disease

autoimmune disorder characterized by severe reaction to ingesting gluten

cheilitis

inflammation of lips characterized by crack-like sores at corners of mouth

cholangiography

radiographic examination of bile ducts with use of contrast medium

cholangitis

acute inflammation of bile duct

cholecystectomy

surgical removal of gallbladder

cholecystitis

inflammation of gallbladder

cholelithaiasis

presence of gallstones in gallbladder or bile ducts

cirrhosis

chronic degenerative disease of liver characterized by scarring

colonoscopy

visual examination of inner surface of entire colon from rectum to cecum using colonscope

colostomy

surgical creation of artificial excretory opening between colon and body surface

crohn’s disease

chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in digestive tract

dental prophylaxis

professional examining, cleaning, and polishing of gums and teeth

diverticulitis

inflammation or infection of one or more diverticulum in colon

diverticulosis

chronic presence of abnormal number of diverticula

dyspepsia

indigestion

dysphagia

difficulty in swallowing

endoscopy

visual examination of internal structures

enema

placement of a solution into rectum and colon to empty lower intestine through bowel activity

enteritis

inflammation of small intestine caused by ingesting substances contaminated with bacterial or viral pathogens causing diarrhea

eructation

act or belching or raising gas orally from stomach

esophageal varices

enlarged and swollen veins at lower end of esophagus

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of upper GI tract

gastroduodenostomy

establishment of anastomosis between upper portion of stomach and duodenum

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

upward flow of acid from stomach into esophagus

gastroparesis

condition in which gastric motility slows down

gastrostomy tube

surgically placed feeding tube from exterior of body on abdomen directly to stomach

hematemesis

vomiting of coagulated blood

hemoccult test

laboratory test for hidden blood in stool

hepatitis

inflammation of liver caused by viral infection

hiatal hernia

anatomical abnormality in which a portion of stomach protrudes upward into chest

hyperemesis

extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration

ileus

partial or complete blockage of small or large intestine

inguinal hernia

protrusion of small loop of bowel through weak place in lower abdominal wall or groin

jaundice

yellow discoloration of skin, mucous membranes, and eyes

leukoplakia

abnormal white, usually benign lesion that develops on tongue on inside of cheek

malcclusion

any deviation of normal positioning of upper teeth against lower teeth

melena

passage of black, tarry, foul-smelling stools

nasogastric intubation

placement of nasogastric feeding tube (NG tube) through nose and into stomach

palatoplasty

surgical repair of cleft palate

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

sores that affect mucous membranes of digestive system

peristalsis

series of wave-like contractions of smooth muscles in single direction that moves food forward into digestive system

polyp

mushroom-like growth from surface of mucous membrane

proctologist

specializes in disorders and diseases of colon, rectum, and anus

regurgitation

return of swallowed food into mouth

salmonellosis

transmitted by feces or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meat

sigmoidoscopy

endoscopic examination of interior of rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly portion of descending colon

stomatitis

inflammation of mucosa of mouth

trismus

lockjaw

ulcerative colitis

chronic condition of repeated episodes of inflammation in rectum and large intestine causing ulcers and irritation

volvulus

twisting of intestine on itself

xerostoma

dry mouth

upper GI tract

consists of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach, transports food from entry until digestion begins

lower GI tract

consists of large and small intestines, rectum and anus, digestion is completed and waste material is prepared for expulsion

lips

surround opening to oral cavity

hard palate

anterior portion, covered with specialized mucous membrane

soft palate

flexible posterior portion, closes nasal passage to prevent food and liquid from moving into nasal cavity

uvula

hangs from free edge of soft palate, moves upward with soft palate

papillae

small bumps containing taste buds

periodontium

structures that surround, support, and are attached to teeth

gingiva

gums

dental arches

hold teeth firmly in position to facilitate chewing and speaking

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

formed at back of mouth where maxillary and mandibular arches come together

dentition

natural teeth arranged in upper and lower jaws

incisors and canines

teeth used for biting and tearing

primary dentition

20 baby teeth

permanent dentition

32 teeth designed to last a lifetime

premolars

teeth used for chewing and grinding

occlusion

any contact between chewing surfaces of upper and lower teeth

crown

portion of tooth visible in mouth

parotid glands

located slightly in front of each ear, ducts are in inside of cheek near upper molars

sublingual glands

ducts located on floor of mouth near mandible

pharynx

common passageway for respiratory and digestion

deglutition

swallowing

esophagus

muscular tube through which ingested food passes from pharynx to stomach

lower esophageal sphicter

muscular ring between esophagus and stomach

rugae

folds in mucosa lining stomach, allow stomach to increase ad decrease in size

gastric juices

made up of enzymes and hydrochloric acid, helps with food digestion