Macroanatomy and Musculoskeletal System

Flashcards covering medical terminology, anatomical directions, skeletal structure, joint types, and muscle anatomy based on the lecture series by Amit Hadad.

Anatomy

The study of the unity of form and function.

Superior

Anatomical direction referring to a structure being above or higher than another.

Inferior

Anatomical direction referring to a structure being below or lower than another.

Anterior / Ventral

Anatomical direction referring to the front of the body.

Posterior / Dorsal

Anatomical direction referring to the back of the body.

Medial

Anatomical direction referring to a position toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Anatomical direction referring to a position away from the midline of the body.

Proximal

A directional term meaning nearer to the trunk or the point of origin.

Distal

A directional term meaning farther from the trunk or the point of origin.

Sagittal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left portions.

Coronal Plane

A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior (front and back) portions.

Transversal Plane

A horizontal or axial plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

Osteopenia

A condition characterized by a lower-than-normal bone density, often leading to osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis

The most common bone disease, involving a significant loss of bone mass and increased risk of fractures.

Periosteum

A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

Vertebral Column Divisions

Consists of Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, and Coccyx sections.

Atlas

The first cervical vertebra (C1).

Axis

The second cervical vertebra (C2), characterized by the dens.

Acetabulum

The cup-shaped socket in the hip bone (coxa) where the head of the femur articulates.

Fibrous Joint

A type of joint where the bones are joined by fibrous tissue and lack a joint cavity.

Cartilaginous Joint

A type of joint where the bones are connected entirely by cartilage.

Synovial Joint

A joint characterized by a fluid-filled joint cavity between articulating bones.

Bursa

A fluid-filled sac situated in places where friction would otherwise occur, such as between a tendon and bone.

Ligament

Fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

Flexion

A movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.

Extension

A movement that increases the angle between two body parts.

Abduction

Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.

Origin

The attachment of a muscle on the more stable bone.

Insertion

The attachment of a muscle on the more movable bone.

Sarcolemma

The fine transparent tubular sheath which envelops the fibers of skeletal muscles.

Diaphragm

The primary muscle of respiration, separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Sternocleidomastoid

A muscle of the neck that performs unilateral rotation and bilateral cervical flexion.

Rotator Cuff Muscles (SITS)

Composed of the Subscapularis, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and Teres minor.

Quadriceps

A four-headed muscle group on the front of the thigh, consisting of the Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, and Vastus intermedius.

Hamstrings

A muscle group on the posterior thigh consisting of the Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, and Semimembranosus.

Triceps Surae

The combination of the Gastrocnemius and Soleus muscles in the calf.

Poland Syndrome

A condition mentioned in the transcript as an example of abnormal muscle appearance.

Anatomical Variant (Example)

A Supernumerary Head of the Biceps Brachii Muscle or variations in the Coracobrachialis longus.