Into to parasitology

symbiosis

relationship where unlike organisms exist together

commensalism

it is a form of symbiotic relationship in which two species live together, and one species benefits from the other without harming or benefitting the other

mutualism

a symbiotic relationship in which two organisms mutually benefit from one another

parasitism

a form of symbiotic relationship where one party or symbiont benefits to the detrimen of the other

ectoparasites

parasites that live outside of the host's body

infestation

invasion of the body by ectoparasites

endoparasites

parasites that live inside the body of the host

infection

invasion of endoparasites in the body

facultative parasites

parasites that can live independently of the host and do not have to live inside a host to complete their life cycle

obligate parasites

parasites that must live inside a host

permanent parasites

Parasites that remain in a host from early life to maturity (e.g., Plasmodium).

intermittent parasites

parasites that simply visit the host during feeding time

incidental parasites

parasites that occur in an unusual host

transitory parasites

parasites whose larva develops in a host while the adult is free living

erratic parasites

parasites that are seen in an unusual organ, different from that which it ordinarily parasites

definitive hosts

• are hosts that harbor the adult stage of the parasite or where the sexual stage or sexual phase of the life cycle of the parasite occur.

intermediate hosts

are those that harbor the larval stage of the parasite, or where the asexual stage of the life cycle of the parasite

reservoir

are vertebrate host that harbor the parasite and may act as additional source of infection in man

paratenic host

are those that serve as a means of transport for the parasite so that the infective stage of a certain parasite may reach its final host

soil contaminated or polluted with human feces

most common source of exposure to infection to parasites

taenia solum

eggs of the pork tapeworm

diphyllobothrium latum

fish tapeworm

trichinella spiralis, trichinella solium

raw pork

trichinella saginata

improperly cooked or raw beef

female amopheles mosquitos

malaria parasite, plasmodium

sand fly

leishmaniasis

tsetse fly and reduviid bug

trypanosomes

cullex and mansonia mosquitos

filariasis

Echinococcus granulosus

Dog Tapeworm, Hydatid Tapeworm

Entamoeba histolytica

pathogenic amoeba

enterobius vermicularis

pinworm

hymenolepis nana

dwarf tapeworm

fecal oral transmission

most common mode of transmission of most intestinal parasites

Hookworms and Strongyloides

enters the body through skin penetration

blood sucking insect vectors

malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, and filariasis

inhalation of eggs

pin worm (enterobius vermicularis)

transplacental

toxoplasma gondiii

mother's milk infection

stronglyoids, ancylostoma

sexual intercourse

trichomonas vaginalis

anus

the most common portal of exit of parasites is through?

urine

it may serve as the portal of exit for t.vaginalis, stronglyoides stercoralis, and schistosoma haematobium

pathogenesis

refers to the dynamics of any disease process

traumatic damage

this includes direct physical damage caused by the parasites such as mosquito bites and other insect bites

lytic necrosis

Enzymes and other substances produced by many parasites that are necessary for them to digest food available in the immediate environment may cause harm to the host tissues.

shistoma japonicum

development of the cancer of liver

Clonorchis sinensis

can cause cancer of the billiary ducts may be seen in the infection in the liver

accidental host

Host other than the normal one that is harboring a parasite

type 1: allergy or anaphylactic

parasite antigen + IgE attach to mast cells causing histamine release

type 2: antibody mediated

antibody + parasite antigen on cell surface cause activation of complement activation or natural killer cells

type 3: immune complex

antibody + extracellular antigen complex with deposition on endothelium of blood vessels

type 4: cell mediated

sensitized t cell reaction with antigen, release of lymphokines triggered cytotoxicity

infective stage

morphologic form that infects humans

pathogenic stage

morphologic form that is responsible for the pathology produced

leading to clinical manifestation

diagnostic stage

morphologic form that can be detected through laboratory methods

single celled organisms

protozoa (subkingdom protozoa)

multicellular metazoa

helminths

phylum

amoeba and flagellates

phylum apicomolexa

sporozoa

phylum cilliophora

ciliates

nemathelminthes

roundworms

platyhelminths

flatworms

trematoda

flukes

cestoda

tapeworms

mouth

most common portal of entry for parasites

14 days

in case of amoebiasis, up to six specimen is collected within a period of?

30 minutes

liquid stool should be examined within

24 hours

formed stools may be examined within

2-5g of stool

how many grams of stool is recommended

permanent stain

this serves as the final step in the microscopic examination for the detection of parasites

duodenal material

This may be collected using a nasogastric tube (NGT) or through the enteric capsule test (Entero-test).

sigmoidoscopy material

it is used to collect and examine material from the colon

cellphane tape or scotch tape preparation

this procedure is done to detect eggs of pinworm enterobius vermicularis, and taenia spp

blood

it can detect the presence of blood borne parasites such as leishmaniasis, trypanosoma, plasmodium and the filarial worms

cerebrospinal fluid

may be used to diagnose certain amoebic infections

tissue and biopsy specimens

This may be utilized to detect the presence of Leishmania, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma, Taenia solium, and Trichinella spiralis in tissues.In patients with suspected amoebic liver abscess, the abscess material taken from the liver is the specimen of choice.

schistosoma haematobium

the specimen choice for detecting blood fluke

xenodiagnosis

examine the presence of trypanosoma cruzi