English I

Present Tense: Simple

Used for habits and facts; formed as subject + base verb.

Present Tense: Continuous

Action happening now; formed as am/is/are + verb-ing.

Present Tense: Perfect

Completed before now; formed as has/have + past participle.

Past Tense: Simple

Indicates a completed action; formed as verb-ed or irregular verb.

Past Tense: Continuous

Ongoing past action; formed as was/were + verb-ing.

Past Tense: Perfect

Completed before another past event; formed as had + past participle.

Future Tense: Simple

Indicates an action that will happen; formed as will + verb.

Future Tense: Continuous

Indicates an ongoing action that will happen; formed as will be + verb-ing.

Future Tense: Perfect

Indicates an action that will be completed before a specific time in the future; formed as will have + past participle.

Subject-Verb Agreement

Singular subjects take singular verbs, plural subjects take plural verbs.

Active Voice

The subject performs the action of the verb; structured as subject + verb + object.

Passive Voice

The subject receives the action of the verb; structured as object + be + past participle.

Direct Speech

Exact words spoken by someone, often enclosed in quotes.

Indirect Speech

A report of what someone said without quoting them directly, often involving tense and pronoun changes.

Article "a"

Used before consonant sounds; example: a boy.

Article "an"

Used before vowel sounds; example: an apple.

Article "the"

Used for something specific or unique.

Preposition of Time: at

Used for precise times; example: at 5pm.

Preposition of Place: on

Used for surfaces; example: on the table.

Coordinating Conjunctions

For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So; connect words or groups of words.

Subordinating Conjunctions

Cause and effect or condition; example: because, although.

Conjunctive Adverbs

Adverbs that connect independent clauses; example: however, therefore.

Simple Sentence

Contains one independent clause; example: I went home.

Compound Sentence

Contains two independent clauses connected by a conjunction; example: I went home, and I slept.

Complex Sentence

Contains one independent clause and one dependent clause; example: I went home because I was tired.

Comma

Used before conjunctions, in lists, and after introductory words.

Semicolon (;)

Used to join two related independent clauses.

Colon (:)

Introduces lists or explanations.

Apostrophe (')

Indicates possession; example: Tashi’s bag.

Assertive Sentence

States a fact or opinion without showing strong emotion.

Interrogative Sentence

Asks a question; often begins with a question word.

Imperative Sentence

Gives a command or instruction; subject is often understood.

Exclamatory Sentence

Expresses strong emotion, often ending with an exclamation mark.