E. DV Developmental Issues and Tasks

Human Development

scientific study of patterns of change and stability throughout the human lifespan

Life

Span Development

Developmental Issues

problems, concerns, or atypical patterns in development

Genetic Inheritance

transmission of dominant and recessive genes, which determine physical traits and potential risks for inherited disorders

Mendelian Genetics

describes the inheritance of traits from one generation to the next

Polygenic Inheritance

inheritance of traits that are controlled by multiple genes, each with a small additive effect

Dominant Inheritance

pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed

Dominant Gene

an allele that is expressed in the phenotype even when only one copy is present in the genotype (heterozygous condition)

Recessive Gene

an allele that is expressed in the phenotype only when two copies are present in the genotype (homozygous condition)

Genetic Abnormalities

changes or mutations in an individual's DNA that disrupt normal development or bodily functions

Numerical Anomalies

A person has more or fewer than 46 chromosomes

Structural Anomalies

A part of a chromosome is missing, duplicated, or rearranged

Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

extra copy of chromosome 21

Cri

du

Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18)

extra copy of chromosome 18

Patau Syndrome (Trisomy 13)

extra copy of chromosome 13

Prader

Willi Syndrome

Alpha1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

mutation in chromosome 14

Alpha Thalassemia

mutation in chromosome 16

Beta Thalassemia (Cooley's Anemia)

mutation in chromosome 11

Cystic Fibrosis

mutation in chromosome 7

Anencephaly

influenced by a combination of environmental and genetic factors associated with the formation and closure of the neural tube during embryonic development

Spina Bifida

mutation in chromosome 11; the neural tube/ spinal column fails to close properly

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

caused by the inability to metabolize the amino acid, phenylalanine

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Infantile form: enlarged kidneys, leading to respiratory problems and congestive heart failure; Adult form: kidney pain, kidney stones, and hypertension resulting in chronic kidney failure

Sickle

cell Anemia

Tay

Sachs Disease

Diabetes

body doesn't produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar

Huntington's Disease

central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration

Sex

Linked Abnormalities

Angelman Syndrome

absence or dysfunction of maternal genes on chromosome 15

Turner Syndrome (XO)

occurs in females with a single X chromosome (45, X)

Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)

affects males with an extra X chromosome (XXY)

Triple X Syndrome (XXX)

occurs in females with an extra X chromosome (47, XXX)

XYY Syndrome

affects males with an extra Y chromosome (47, XYY)

Fragile X Syndrome

expansion of a particular region on the X chromosome

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

mutation in the X sex chromosome

Epigenetics

mechanism that turns genes on or off and determines functions of body cells

Genetic Imprinting

occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene

Reaction Range

Range of potential expressions of a hereditary trait

Canalization

Illustrates how heredity restricts the range of development for some traits

Genotype

Environment Interaction

Genotype

Environment Correlations

Nonshared Environment

Unique environment in which each child in a family grows up

Behavior Genetics

field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development

Heritability

statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences in a specific trait within a given population

Concordant

tendency of twins to share the same trait or disorder

Twin Study

behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins

Adoption Study

seek to discover whether the behavior and psychological characteristics of adopted children are more like those of their adoptive parents or more like those of their biological parents

Teratogen

an environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development

Alcohol

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Tobacco

Low birth weight, preterm birth, stillbirth, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), respiratory issues, developmental delays

Drugs

Cocaine: Preterm birth, low birth weight, neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), attention deficits

Heroin & Opioids

Neonatal withdrawal, respiratory distress, increased risk of SIDS

Methamphetamine

Low birth weight, delayed growth, cognitive and behavioral issues

Thalidomide

Limb deformities (phocomelia), heart defects

Isotretinoin (Accutane)

Severe birth defects, brain and heart abnormalities

Toxoplasmosis

Brain damage, hydrocephalus, blindness

Rubella

Cataracts, deafness, heart defects

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Hearing loss, intellectual disabilities

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

Brain damage, organ failure, neonatal death

Radiation

Microcephaly, intellectual disabilities, growth retardation, increased cancer risk

Lead

Cognitive impairments, developmental delays, behavioral issues

Mercury

Neurological disorders, cerebral palsy

Pesticides

Congenital defects, neurodevelopmental disorders

Bonding

formation of a close connection between parents and their newborn in the period shortly after birth

Rooming

in Arrangement

Kangaroo Care

involves infants being carried, usually by the mother, with skin

Postpartum

Period after childbirth when the mother adjusts, both physically and psychologically, to the process of childbirth

Postpartum Blues

feelings of depression, anxiousness, and upset after birth; usually go away after one or two weeks

Postpartum Depression

involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about four weeks after delivery

Low birth weight infants

weigh less than 5 pounds 8 ounces at birth

Preterm infants

those born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached the completion of 37 weeks of gestation

Postmature infants

those born after 42 weeks of gestation

Small for date infants

those whose birth weight is below normal when the length of the pregnancy is considered

Miscarriage

spontaneous loss of a fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy

Stillbirth

miscarriage occurred after 20 weeks of gestation

Anoxia

lack of oxygen

Hypoxia

reduced oxygen supply

Neonatal Jaundice

infant jaundice caused by immaturity of the liver

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

sudden death of an infant under age 1

Reflex

automatic, innate response to stimulation

Maturation Theory

proposes that child development is a biological process that unfolds in a fixed sequence based on genetic instructions

Cephalocaudal

development progresses from head to tail (ex. infants gain head control before trunk and legs)

Proximodistal

development moves from the center outward (ex. control of arms before fingers)

Readiness

Children must reach a certain level of biological maturity before they can learn specific skills

Oral Fixation

persistent need for oral gratification

Attachment

reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver, each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship

Strange Situation

an experiment conducted by Ainsworth to assess attachment patterns between infant and adult

Stranger Anxiety

wariness of a person she does not know

Separation Anxiety

distress when a familiar caregiver leaves her

Separation Protest

crying when caregiver leaves

Mutual Regulation

the ability of both infant and caregiver to respond appropriately and sensitively to each other's mental and emotional states

Social Referencing

seeking emotional information to guide behavior

Nonorganic Failure to thrive

slowed or arrested physical growth with no known medical cause, accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning

Shaken Baby Syndrome

babies have weak neck muscles, and large, heavy head, shaking makes the brain bounce back and forth inside the skull

Children Wasted

children who are of a suitable height for their age but are slimmer than they are expected to be

Undernutrition

results from insufficient food intake or not consuming enough nutrients essential for overall development and well

Children Stunted

children who seem to have a healthy weight but are shorter than expected for their age

Egocentrism

Difficulty taking others' perspectives