Module 7: Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology

What are the three major behavioral sciences?

Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology.

What does psychology study?

The scientific study of the human mind and behavior, including how people think, feel, and act individually and in groups.

What does sociology study?

The scientific study of society, social institutions, social relationships, and how social structures influence behavior.

What does anthropology study?

The study of humans, past and present, through cultural, biological, linguistic, and archaeological perspectives.

What is cognitive psychology?

The branch of psychology that studies mental processes such as thinking, memory, perception, and problem-solving.

What is developmental psychology?

The branch of psychology that studies how people grow and change throughout life.

What is social psychology?

The branch of psychology that studies how social environments and interactions influence people's thoughts and behaviors.

What is clinical psychology?

The branch of psychology focused on diagnosing and treating mental health disorders.

What are the four domains of human development?

Physical, cognitive, social-emotional, and language/communication development.

What does the physical domain of development include?

Growth of the body and motor skills, including gross motor and fine motor skills.

What does the cognitive domain of development include?

Critical thinking, problem-solving, language skills, communication, and analyzing patterns.

What does the social-emotional domain include?

Understanding emotions, building relationships, cooperation, and social awareness.

What does the moral domain of development focus on?

The development of concepts such as fairness, rights, and concern for others beginning in early childhood.

What are the four major stages of human development?

Infancy (0–2), Childhood (2–12), Adolescence (12–18), and Adulthood (18+).

What is the difference between gross motor and fine motor skills?

Gross motor skills involve large muscle movements like running and jumping, while fine motor skills involve precise hand movements such as writing, grasping, and cutting.

What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.

What happens during Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage?

(Birth–2 years) Children learn through their senses and movement. They explore the world by looking, listening, and interacting with objects.

What happens during Piaget's Preoperational Stage?

(Ages 2–7) Children begin using language, pictures, and symbols but do not yet think logically.

What happens during Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage?

(Ages 7–11) Children develop logical thinking about concrete situations and begin understanding others' perspectives.

What happens during Piaget's Formal Operational Stage?

(Age 12+) Individuals develop abstract reasoning, logical thinking, and advanced problem-solving skills.

What factors influence growth and development?

Peers and family, health and fitness, media, society and culture, and gender-specific issues.

How can peers positively influence development?

Positive peer relationships provide support, motivation, encouragement, and healthy social development.

How can family influence development?

Parents serve as primary role models, and the family environment impacts health, behavior, and development.

What health factors influence growth and development?

Nutrition, sleep, prenatal exposure to drugs, trauma, and a safe, loving home environment.

How can media influence development?

Media, including advertisements and social media, shapes beliefs, behaviors, decision-making, and media literacy.

According to the study guide, how can one developmental domain affect another?

Difficulty in one domain (such as language) can negatively affect development in other domains like social-emotional or cognitive development.

What are the three basic needs in Self-Determination Theory?

Autonomy, relatedness, and competence.

What is the purpose of SMART goals?

To help students create specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound goals that increase motivation and ownership.

What is Expectancy-Value Theory?

Students are more motivated when they believe they can succeed and see value in what they are learning.

What is Social Cognitive Theory?

Students learn through observation, modeling, collaboration, and positive reinforcement.

What is Attribution Theory?

It encourages students to attribute success to effort and ability, promoting a growth mindset.

How does Behaviorism motivate learning?

By using positive reinforcement, clear expectations, routines, and feedback to shape behavior.

Why is psychology considered a science?

It systematically observes, measures, analyzes, and researches human behavior using the scientific method.

Who is known as the father of psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt.

Who developed psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud.

What is the Biological Perspective?

It explains behavior through genetics, brain structures, hormones, and other biological processes.

What is the Psychodynamic Perspective?

It explains behavior through unconscious drives, internal conflicts, and early childhood experiences.

What is the Behavioral Perspective?

It explains behavior as something learned through conditioning, reinforcement, and interactions with the environment.

What is the Cognitive Perspective?

It focuses on mental processes such as memory, thinking, perception, problem-solving, and decision-making.

What is the Humanistic Perspective?

It emphasizes free will, personal growth, self-awareness, and the drive toward self-actualization.

What is the Behaviorist Learning Theory?

Learning occurs through conditioning, reinforcement, punishment, repetition, and observable behaviors.

What teaching strategies are associated with Behaviorist Learning Theory?

Positive reinforcement, specific praise, repetition, task completion, and feedback.

What is the Cognitivist Learning Theory?

Learning occurs through mental processes such as thinking, memory, problem-solving, rehearsal, categorization, and encoding.

What teaching strategies are associated with Cognitivist Learning Theory?

Inquiry, questioning, reflection, metacognition, and learning from mistakes.

What is the Constructivist Learning Theory?

Learners actively construct knowledge through experiences, problem-solving, inquiry, collaboration, and building on prior knowledge.

What teaching strategies are associated with Constructivist Learning Theory?

Shared authority, interactive learning, collaboration, questioning, and connecting to prior knowledge.

What is the Personality Learning Theory?

It suggests that personality traits influence how individuals process information, learn, and interact with the world.

What is sensation?

The information received through the five senses; the most basic way humans take in information about their environment.

What is perception?

The interpretation of sensory information; people can perceive the same sensation differently.

What is motivation?

The desire to achieve or obtain something, including meeting basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter.

What is personality?

A combination of consistent patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that influence motivation and perception.

According to Freud, what are the three parts of personality?

Id, Ego, and Superego.

What is the id?

The instinctual part of personality that operates on the pleasure principle.

What is the ego?

The rational part of personality that operates on the reality principle and balances the id and superego.

What is the superego?

The moral part of personality that represents internalized values and ideals.

What is Trait Theory?

The theory that personality consists of stable traits that influence consistent patterns of behavior.

What are the Big Five personality traits (OCEAN)?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

What is Humanistic Theory?

The theory that emphasizes free will, personal growth, self-concept, and self-actualization.

What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

A hierarchy of human needs: Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, and Self-Actualization.

What is self-actualization?

The drive to reach one's fullest potential.

What are the major steps of the scientific method in psychology?

Research question, literature review, hypothesis, research design, data collection, data analysis, and conclusion/reporting.

What is a hypothesis?

A testable prediction about the relationship between variables.

What is the purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

To ensure research involving human participants is conducted ethically.

What are the three ethical principles of the Belmont Report?

Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.

What is culture?

The shared beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, traditions, and symbols of a group that influence how people think and act.

What is cultural relativism?

Understanding cultural practices within their own context without judging them by another culture's standards.

What is social stratification?

The division of society into hierarchical groups based on factors such as class, status, ethnicity, religion, or socioeconomic status.

According to Max Weber, what are the three components of social stratification?

Class, Status, and Party.

What is social mobility?

The ability of individuals to move up or down the social hierarchy.

What is conformity?

Behavior that follows accepted social norms and expectations.

What is deviance?

Behavior that violates social norms and expectations.