(8) Acids, Bases, Salts and Ionization

Ch11

What is the Arrhenius theory?

-Theory claiming that acids are substances that dissociate in aqueous solutions to yield hydrogen ions (later determined the true yield is hydronium ions)
-Also said a base is a substance that dissociates
-Developed in 1887 by Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish chemist

What is a monoprotic acid?

An acid that yields one hydrogen per molecule
-Ex: hydrochloric acid

What are polyprotic acids?

Acids that dissociate into more than one hydrogen- more specifically, diprotic and tripotic
-ex: sulfiric acid (diprotic)
-Phosphoric acid (triprotic)

What are binary/hydro acids?

Acids composed of hydrogen and one other element

What are ternary/oxy acids?

Acids containing oxygen in addition to hydrogen and another nonmetallic element

How are binary acids named?

They come from the element present other than hydrogen. Always begin with the prefix hydro and end with ic

How are ternary acids named?

Derived from the element other than hydrogen and oxygen and end with the suffix “ic”
-If the same 3 elements can form more than one ternary acid, the acid with the lower number of oxygen atoms ends with the suffix “ous”

How are acids classified by strength?

-Strong, moderate, weak
-Determined by how many hydrogen ions they release when dissociated in an aqueous solution

What makes an acid strong?

Yield large amounts of hydrogen ions in a solution

When an acid is strong and expressed in an equation, how do the arrows go to show the dissociation of the acid?

Forward only

How are the arrows for weak and moderate acids going to be represented in an equation?

Both forward and backward

What makes an acid moderate?

They have a percent of dissociation that is neither as high nor as low as strong or weak acids

How is the strength of bases in aqueous solutions determined?

by the percent dissociation of the compounds into positive ions and hydroxide ions

How are aqueous bases named?

For the metallic element followed by the word hydroxide (sodium hydroxide)

How can sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide be used?

when at 10%, these solutions can be used to remove sloughed skin in burn cases

What are the properties of acids?

-Acids in solutions taste sour
-Acids change blue litmus to red
-Dilute acids react with metals above hydrogen in the electrochemical series to liberate hydrogen gas
-Acids react with bases to form water and salt (neutralization)
-Acids react with carbonates and bicarbonates to liberate carbon dioxide and to form a salt
-Acids react with sulfites, forming sulfur dioxide and a salt

A base can also be called an…

alkali

What are the properties of bases?

-Bitter, metallic taste
-Solutions of bases feel slippery
-Bases change red litmus blue
-Bases react with acids, forming salts and water

What is the bronsted lowry theory?

A theory that extends the definitions of acids and bases to include substances other than metallic hydroxides as bases- according to this theory, an acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor

What is a Lewis theory?

States that an acid is any substance that accepts a pair of electrons and that a base is any substance that donates a pair of electrons

What are anhydrides?

Substances that, when reacting with water, form an acid. Means without water
ex: CO2, SO2, Na2O, Fe2O3

What are salts?

Compounds formed between a positive ion other than H+ and a negative ion other than OH-
-Exist in pure form as crystalline solids at room temperature
-Composed of ions of metallic elements or the positive ammonium ion in combination with one or more ions of a nonmetallic element

What is a normal salt?

A salt formed when all replaceable hydrogens of an acid have been replaced by a metal

What is an acid salt?

A salt that has had only part of the replaceable hydrogen of an acid replaced by a metal

What are basic salts?

Salts that contain one or more replaceable hydroxyl ions

What is hydrolysis?

When the ions of a salt break apart water molecules into H+ and OH- ions
-Only certain salts hydrolyze

What is ionization?

the dissociating of a substance into charged species that may be atoms or groups of atoms

How does ionization occur?

Presence of ions in a solution enable it to conduct electricity

What is electrolysis?

passage of an electric current through a solution

What are electrolytes?

solutions that allow electrolysis

What are non electrolytes?

Substances that do not form appreciable numbers of ions in solution

How does pH affect HCHO?

-HCHO functions most effectively at pH values consistent with those of nomral blood- crucial to restore pH to between 7.3-7.5 by injecting embalming fluid
-Following death, blood pH blood changes from slightly basic to acidic
-As decomp occurs, the pH again becomes basic
-Products of decomp accumulate in the body of alkalinity continues to increase

What are some typical buffers in embalming fluid that can help adjust pH of blood and tissue?

-borax
-Sodium phosphates
-Citrates