quebecois nationalism

self determination

the right of a people to freely determine their own political status and to pursue their own development

soverignty

the ability to govern oneself without others interfering

how does Canada give its people a say?

delegating power to the provinces since they are a large nation-state

what are some long-term issues occuring in Quebec?

• francophones are really represented in Quebec but not other parts of Canada

• failure of a nation-to-nation relationship with Indigenous and Canadians due to how spread out they are

• due to these they feel the lack of ability to determine their future, they want greater self-determination

what has canada applied to rectify Quebecers’ lack of rep?

• civic nationalism

• pluralism

• reasonable accomodation

what are the four criteria for being soverign?

• government created from within that has control

• borders that control the movement of people

• nation-state is recognized by other nation-states

• no other state is meddling in their affairs

was canada truly soverign after confederation? why or why not?

no.

• Britain controlled their policies. However, they began to give them more autonomy after WW1.

what happened to Quebec when Britain gave Canada self determination?

• Quebec gained more autonomy over determining their future due to Canada’s new federalist system

• confederation created temporary unity between French speakers and English speakers

what happened after WW1

sense of collective consciousness due to the pride Canada felt in fighting that war

why was Quebec upset with collective consciousness increasing over WW1?

• french people were against the war

• after the conscription crisis of 1917 and the military service act, the french felt unheard

statute of westminister

gives Canada control over their foreign policy.

when did canada become functionally soverign?

when the constitution act goes through in 1982

constitution act:

Canada can now make constitutional amendments without the British looking over it

how did the constitution act affect canadians, especially in Quebec?

marked an increase in Canadian soverignty, however Quebec didn’t sign it. this affected Canadian unity.

meech lake & charlottetown accord:

to remedy this, there were amendments made to ensure that Quebec agreed. they were all rejected.

what happened after the meech & charlottetown accords were rejected?

seperatists used this as an excuse to preach that it was best for Quebec to seperate from Canada

what was the transition in nationalism for the french?

religious nationalism → lingustic nationalism

why did quebec fall under religious nationalism in the past?

• Quebec was predominantly Catholic

  • Protestant, Indigenous, etc. were ignored or discriminated against

who gave public services to quebec in the past?

the church

who took over public services as quebec became a liberal state, and what happened?

• the government, made Quebec more secluar (more focus on language rights over religion)

quiet revolution

period of time where more legislation was implemented, advocating for equality between French and English speakers.

what policies were enacted to ensure that french speakers were represented in a time where english was the norm?

• french was made the language of work

• private hydroelectric providers became nationalized

  • created good work for working-class french people

• creation of a provincial pension plan

• increase in government spending

• creation of a french speaking professional class

• advocacy for french language rights at a federal level

seperatist

wanting to seperate from a larger nation-state to create a seperate nation-state

soverigntist

wanting to become a seperate country

federalist

favoring centralization of government, wanting to stay with a nation-state despite being part of a nation

october crisis

seperatist group known as the FLQ was commited to using violence in order to force Quebec to seperate from the rest of Canada.

what did the FLQ use to create change, and what did that make them?

violence, radicalist

in summary, what happened during the October crisis?

• officials were kidnapped and the ransom was letting the people hear their demands for a seperate Quebec

• war measures act was invoked and military used it to quell the crisis

• FLQ got passage to Cuba afterwards and gor away

war measures act

allows the federal government extraordiary powers to quell civil dissent during wartime.

what are some key liberties under the war measures act the gov gets?

• infringes on mobility rights

• search and seizure of property without permission

• citizens can be detained without arrest

what criticism was there for the use of the war measures act?

• the response to the October Crisis was excessive and dangerous, and the use of it severely violated Quebecer’s civil liberties

• the FLQ shouldn’t have been taken so seriously since they were amateurs

• MARTIAL LAW WAS USED

what support is there for the use of the act?

• the robust response was required to prevent further unrest

• there was a dangerous escalation in the activities of seperatist groups, and this gives the chance to politically achieve independence

what did the bloc quebecois and parti quebecois want

seperation from Canada and independence for Quebec

what happened in both referedums asking for independence?

• so they made two referendum questions that were both rejected

  • however, the second referendum failing by a margin of 0.58% was concerning

what were the issues with the 1990 referendum question?

• Lack of clarity in the question

• 50% + 1 would lead to the total dissolution of Quebec from Canada

clarity act:

• established process for a province wanting to seperate from Canada

• requires:

  • a clear referendum question

  • a clear majority vote in favor