Exam I (Part II)

What is normal for cats and dogs?

Normal coat, light pink membranes, normal appetite

Body temperature

100-102.5

Pulse for a dog

60-140

Pulse for a cat

145-200

Respiration for a cat

20-40

Respiration for a dog

10-30

What is fur

Grows to a predetermined length

What is hair

Continues to grow

Growth phase of hair

Anagen phase

Rest phase of hair

Telogen phase

Top layer of skin

Epidermis

Connective tissue, blood vessels, and fibers of skin

Dermis

Small lobulated glands associated with the hair follicle

Sebaceous gland

Where are sweat glands found?

Nose and toe pad

How do cats dissipate heat?

Self grooming

How do dogs dissipate heat?

Panting

What color are mucous membranes?

Light pink

What could pale membranes indicate?

Anemia or shock (decrease in RBC)

What could Jaundiced membranes look like?

Accumulation of bilirubin

What can bright red membranes mean?

Hyperdynamic state or irritation (could also mean nothing)

What does blue/purple membranes mean?

Lack of oxygen in blood

Small lima bean shaped organ caudal to the kidneys that produce the egg and reproductive hormones

Ovaries

Small thin tubes connecting the ovaries to uterus

Oviduct

Muscular, hollow, Y shaped organ consisting of 2 long horns and a short body, neck and cervix

Uterus

Oval shaped fibrous/muscular structure that serves as the channel from the uterus to the vagina

Cervix

Long narrow muscular/membranous canal extending from the cervix to the vulva

Vagina

Canal that carries urine from the bladder and emptied into the lower part of the vagina

Urethra

Secondary sex organs in females

Mammary glands

Paired, sperm production and testosterone synthesis

Testes

Cells lining the tubules that are responsible for spermatogenesis

Germinal cells

Cells between the tubules and produce testosterone

Leydig cells

Responsible for the coital tie in male dogs

Bulbus Glandis

Stimulates secretion of testosterone by the Leydig cells surrounding the seminiferous tubules

Lutenizing hormone

Initiates spermatogenesis and the production of androgens

Follicle Stimulating hormone

What are the stages in order of the estrous cycle?

Anestrous, proestrus, estrus, diestrus

What stage is in “heat”?

Estrus

Period of reproductive rest

Anestrus

FSH activates the ovaries to begin follicular development and produce estrogen

Proestrus

Dogs ovulate even if not mated

Spontaneous ovulators

Cats only ovulate when mated to a male

Induced ovulators

What hormone stimulates ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone

How do you detect pregnancy in cats?

Palpate 15-30 days, ultrasound 14-15 days (heartbeat at 24), radiograph (45 days)

How to detect pregnancy in dogs?

Palpation (20-30days), ultrasound (16-20 days heart beat at 25), radiograph (45 days)

How long is pregnancy?

63-65 days

What is the minimum amount of days to survive in the uterus?

59 days

How should you prepare for partuition?

Introduction box 1 week before, big enough to stretch, bedding, heat source

Often not noticed as the uterine contractions are not visible externally

Stage 1

Cervix relaxes, dilates, mild contractions

Stage 1

Strong contractions of labor and expulsion of the fetus

Stage 2

From expulsion of the fetus to expulsion of placenta

Stage 3

What is a healthy heartbeat on a ultrasound

Above 180

When to be concerned about partution?

30 minutes pushing, 4 hours in between puppies

What is normal for a newborn?

Quiet but cry when hungry or cold, temperature 94-95 at day 1 then 98-100, good muscle tone, active sleep

What reflexes do newborns have?

Suckle, rooting, scruff

Should suckle if teat or finger put into mouth

Suckle reflex

Pushing forward with head and crawling in circular pattern toward the mother (or hand) when in contact

Rooting reflex

Going limp when picked up by the scruff

Scruff reflex

What are some concerns for newborns?

Keeping warm, hypothermia, limp puppy

How to handle orphaned newborns?

Feed every 2-3 hours until 3 weeks then 3-6 weeks every 4-6 hours then solid food at 4weeks, stimulate to urinate/defecate

Sudden death of neonate less than 3 weeks

Fading puppy syndrome

One of the most common infectious causes in dogs

Canine herpes virus

Can cause mild tracheobronchitis (kennel cough) in an adult

Canine Herpes Virus

Can be sexually transmitted and reside in the reproductive tract and if often fatal in puppies

Canine Herpes Virus

Clinical signs usually seen in puppies younger than 3-4 weeks of age with excessive crying, not eating, depression, production of soft yellow-green feces

CHV

Usually fatal in 12-24 hours of clinical signs (Treatment does not work)

CHV

The virus replicates at 95-96 F which is why puppies are at risk

CHV

Pathogenic bacteria invade vagina and cause infection, usually responsive to antibiotics

Vaginitis

Infection causing pus to fill the uterus

Pyometra

Infection and inflammation in the mammary gland

Mastitis

Infection /inflammation of the testes

Orchitis

Infection/Inflammation in the penis and prepuce

Balanoposthitis

Infection/Inflammation in the prostate

Prostatitis

Bacteria in the placenta and vaginal secretions in female and semen in male

Brucellosis

Genetic storehouses of the body

Chromosomes

Basic unit of inheritance

Genes

The genes an individual inherts from their parents

Genotype

External visible expression of the genotype

Phenotype

One of the possible alleles for a gene is capable of totally masking the expression of the other allele carried on its homologous chromosome

Complete dominance

When the heterozygous state produces an intermediate phenotype

Incomplete dominance

When genes at different loci interact

Epistasis

Different genes at different loci that result in a similar or idential phenotype

Mimic genes

Genes that are located on a sex chromosome

Sex linked gene

Can produce individual variation within a breed

Variable gene

Genes that are present in the homozygous form

Non variable genes

Mating closely related individuals

In breeding

Breeding related individuals who are removed by greater than one generation

Line breeding

Mating unrelated individuals which have been in bred or line bred

Outcrossing

Mating dogs of two breeds with the intent of making a new breed to eliminate the problems in one breed

Cross breeding

Phenotypic method of selecting breeding dogs (based on physical traits and working ability)

Performance testing

Breeding an animal selected based on success of puppies

Progeny testing

What does a low breeding co-efficient mean?

Large foundation animal in breed