Tissues and Cell Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering tissue types, cell theory, membrane transport, and organ systems based on the provided lecture notes.

Tissues

Composed of specialized cells of the same type that perform a common function in the body.

Connective tissue

A type of tissue that binds and supports body parts, providing structure and support.

Muscular tissue

Tissue that moves the body and its parts through motion or response.

Nervous tissue

Tissue that receives sensory information and conducts nerve impulses.

Epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers body surfaces and lines body cavities, forming internal linings and protection.

Ground substance

Non-cellular material that separates cells in connective tissue; its consistency varies from solid (bone) to semi-fluid (cartilage) to fluid (blood).

White Collagen Fibers

Fibers containing collagen, a protein that provides flexibility and strength.

Reticular Fibers

Thin collagen fibers that form delicate supporting networks.

Elastic Fibers

Fibers containing elastin that can stretch without damage and return to their original shape.

Fibroblasts

Cells found in both loose and dense fibrous connective tissues.

Lacunae

Small chambers in which cartilage cells lie, separated by a solid and flexible matrix.

Hyaline cartilage

The most common type of cartilage; it has a glassy/translucent appearance and is found in the nose, ends of long bones, and ribs.

Elastic Cartilage

A flexible type of cartilage containing a greater number of elastic fibers, commonly found in the outer ear.

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage with a matrix containing strong collagen fibers, found in structures that withstand tension/pressure like the knee joint and vertebrae disks.

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Small, disk-shaped cells that lose their nuclei as they mature and transport oxygen.

Hemoglobin

A red pigment composed of 4 units: 'Globin' (protein) and 'Heme' (an iron-containing structure).

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

Translucent cells with a nucleus that protect from infection; some are phagocytic while others produce antibodies.

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

Fragments of giant cells present only in bone marrow that form a plug to seal damaged vessels.

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary muscle with striated cells and multiple nuclei, attached to the skeleton.

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle with spindle-shaped cells and a single nucleus; found in blood vessel walls and the digestive tract.

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle located in the heart wall with branching and striated cells.

Dendrites

An extension of a neuron that receives signals from sensory receptors or other neurons.

Axon

An extension of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses.

Neuroglia

Cells that support and nourish neurons; they outnumber neurons $9-1$ and take up more than half of the brain's volume.

Basement membrane

Thin layers of carbohydrates and proteins that anchor the epithelium to underlying connective tissue.

Simple Squamous epithelium

Composed of flattened cells; lines air sacs of lungs and blood vessel walls to permit exchange of substances.

Organ

A group of tissues performing a common function.

Superior

Directional term meaning towards the head.

Anterior

Directional term meaning towards the feet.

Subcutaneous Layer (hypodermis)

Found between the skin and underlying structures like muscle or bone; composed of loose connective and adipose tissue.

Dendritic cells

Macrophages in the epidermis that phagocytize infectious agents and stimulate the immune system.

Melanocytes

Specialized cells in the epidermis that produce melanin for UV protection.

Homeostasis

The relative constancy of the internal environment of the body, specifically blood and interstitial fluid.

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from high to low concentration requiring no energy; the way oxygen moves across a membrane.

Osmosis

The passive movement of water molecules from high to low concentration.

Facilitated Transport

The movement of molecules from high to low concentration with the help of protein carriers, such as glucose moving across a membrane.

Hypotonic solution

A solution that causes cells to swell up and burst.

Hypertonic solution

A solution that causes cells to lose water and shrivel up.

Enzymes

Molecules that increase the rate of chemical reactions and decrease the energy of activation.

Cellular Respiration

The process where cells obtain energy by breaking down glucose into $CO_2$ and $H_2O$, completed in the mitochondria to produce ATP.