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What is food security?
when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
How does population growth cause food insecurity?
human population #s are increasing at a faster rate than the rate of food production → food shortages
Subsistence farming = food insecurity is worse
How does unsustainable production cause food insecurity?
global food supply has increased reliance on the same kinds of crops
Agriculture is more vulnerable to threats
How does price setting cause food insecurity?
demand increase = price increase
Harms those in poverty → increase food insecurity
How does land degradation cause food insecurity?
misuse of land → soil exhaustion & low crop yield
Long term depletion → desertification and soil erosion
How does agricultural disease cause food insecurity?
pests can consume hundreds and thousands of tonnes of food daily
Fungal disease destroys crops + stored food
How does diverting crops for biofuels cause food insecurity?
increased production of food crops for biofuels
Land becomes used for energy source crops → decreases amount of food available
How does climate change cause food insecurity?
increased temperatures → increased floods + storm size & natural disasters
How does water shortage cause food insecurity?
lack of water leads to drought → death of crops + livestock
How does poverty cause food insecurity?
people with no money to buy food can become unable to work
Populations rely on aid for survival
What are some impacts of food insecurity?
Regional food scarcity
Nutritional deficiency & malnutrition
Poverty
Forced migration
Conflict — food related unrest
Famine
Death
How does subsistence agriculture manage food security?
encouraged in areas where ppl have limited access to food
How does increasing food production manage food security?
using intensification and extensification
Intensification: higher yields through increased inputs, improved agronomic practices, improved crop varieties
Extensification: clearing additional land for crop production
How does aquaculture manage food security?
soil free farming that uses waste produced from fish to supply plants w/nutrients
How do hydroponics manage food security?
no soil & grown in water
How does selective breeding + GM crops manage food security?
pest resistant crops + higher yield
How does increasing productivity manage food security?
remove competition from weeds using herbicides, reduce fungal disease by using fungicides
How does reduction in livestock + growing more crops manage food security?
crops could be used to reduce food insecurity & fed to humans rather than livestock
Moving land for crops, instead of livestock → increase amount grown
How does reducing food waste manage food security?
grocery stores + farmers can donate excess food to livestock farms, education about use by vs. best by dates, plan out meals/proper portions, storing food properly
How does food stockpiling manage food security?
countries prone to natural disasters can stockpile grains/other dry products in case of shortage
How does improving food transportation manage food security?
improve sanitation, prevent + control pests, better food packaging, smart cold chain transport containers + trucks
How does protecting pollinators manage food security?
disappearing due to pesticide misuse + disease
Reduce pesticide use (e.g. organic farming), planting flowering crops, farming bees as pollinators
How does the World Food Programme + food aid manage food security?
WFP can assist people experiencing food insecurity (services 80+ countries worldwide); food aid = free food to another country in a time of crisis
How does rationing manage food security?
set amount of food per person → ensures fair distribution during scarcity
What is energy security?
reliable availability of energy sources at an affordable price with a consideration of the environmental impacts
What is long-term energy security?
supply of energy that is in line with economic developments and environmental needs
What is short-term energy security?
systems that react promptly to sudden changes in the supply-demand balance
How does inequality in global energy resources cause energy insecurity?
geographical distribution impacts availability of energy resources — some places have to import energy resources
Middle East has abundant oil reserves
How does population growth cause energy insecurity?
occurring faster than the development of new energy resources
Puts pressure on strained systems
Increased use of goods (e.g. cars) has led to increased demand
How does differing energy needs of countries in different income groups cause energy insecurity?
HICs have a higher energy demand than MICs and LICs - HICs are more industrialized + higher living standards
How does climate change cause energy insecurity?
puts pressure on countries to combat levels of CO2 emissions by reducing fossil-fuel consumptions
Changing energy sources can risk energy security & impact job availability
How does supply disruption cause energy insecurity?
(e.g. natural disasters, piracy, terrorism):
disruption of the supply of fossil fuels or oil can strain energy security
How is increasing prices for energy resources an impact of energy security?
increase in the cost of electricity/gas → energy poverty
How is increasing costs for industry an impact of energy security?
economic instability due to high energy costs
How are job losses + economic recessions an impact of energy security?
industries unable to meet higher costs of energy
How are increased levels of poverty + low standards of living an impact of energy security?
people may use fuels that are harmful to their health (e.g. burning of biomass), energy poverty can harm education
How is reliance onimported sources of ene an impact of energy security?
can lead to int’l debts (hinder a country’s ability to pay for energy + invest in infrastructure); vulnerable to changes in global energy prices
How is civil disruption + conflict an impact of energy security?
groups may compete to control energy-rich mines
Inequality in energy resources can lead to conflict
How can increasing energy efficiency manage energy security?
reducing energy waste (e.g. insulation in housing)
How can increasing energy production manage energy security?
can be individually (e.g. solar panels), or undertaken by a country
How can investing in renewable resources + carbon neutral fuels manage energy security?
reduce reliance on fossil fuels
May be hard for countries reliant on fossil fuels
How can investment in local energy projects manage energy security?
gov’t can do this & encourage the development of their own energy supply
How can rationing manage energy security?
can help when supply is limited; can allow the supply system to function under pressure
What are landfill sites?
bury waste in the ground/large mounds — layered with soil to reduce smell + pests
What is incineration?
burning garbage at high temps.
Waste-to-energy facilities use heat to produce energy
What is storage of waste?
surface impoundments + deep-well injections
What is disposal at sea?
uncontaminated sediments, human remains, fish waste
What is recycling?
collecting materials that can be broken down & reprocessed into new items
What is exporting waste?
global trade in waste from one country to another — LICs need $
How is soil contamination (leading to leaching) + contamination of groundwater an impact of waste disposal methods?
liquid waste (e.g. oils) can be washed deeper into soil → can kill vegetation, loss of habitat, kill aquatic organisms
How are dangerous gases an impact of waste disposal methods?
GHGs, like methane + CO2, are released during degradation of biological waste → possible explosions & global warming
How are visual + noise pollution + unpleasant odor an impact of waste disposal methods?
waste left unmanaged can attract vermin (leads to disease)
How is risk of spreading disease an impact of waste disposal methods?
toxic waste → cancer + lung and skin conditions; septic waste → cholera
How is release of toxic substances an impact of waste disposal methods?
leachate percolated through landfills can contaminate soil + groundwater; incineration of waste can produce toxic substances + cause air pollutions
How are bioaccumulation + biomagnification an impact of waste disposal methods?
bioaccumulation = build-up of toxins in an organism’s body
biomagnification = build-up of toxins in a food chain
Mercury/heavy metals from mining can enter the food chain and continue to build up — potentially harm humans
How are plastic + microplastics in oceans an impact of waste disposal methods?
oceans break down plastics → microplastics can harm the endocrine system, cause disease, & decrease fertility — potentially harm humans
How can reduce, reuse, recycling reduce the impacts of waste disposal?
waste minimization: source reduction = reducing the amount of waste that needs to be disposed of
education allows the population to understand how to manage their waste
How can biodegradable plastics reduce the impacts of waste disposal?
made from materials that will break down when exposed to microorganisms
How can food waste for animal feed reduce the impacts of waste disposal?
process food waste to have shelf-life + be free of pathogens — minimizes food waste going into a landfill
How can composting reduce the impacts of waste disposal?
decomposition of organic materials into nutrient-rich product to feed soils
How can fermentation reduce the impacts of waste disposal?
anaerobic process — convert biological waste into sources of energy
How can use of waste to generate energy reduce the impacts of waste disposal?
fermentation can produce biogas w/ energy potential
How can education reduce the impacts of waste disposal?
increases vested interest in waste management if a population understands the benefits of proper waste management
How can financial incentives reduce the impacts of waste disposal?
people earn money by selling their waste
How can legislation reduce the impacts of waste disposal?
various types (e.g. marine or hazardous waste legislation)
Marine can regulate dumping of harmful materials into oceans
Hazardous waste can control movement of this waste & restrict its production
