REVIEW OF Macronutrients with DR SHEPHERD

What are examples of macronutrients

– Protein

– Fat/lipids

– Carbohydrate

What is the biggest and most important nutrient for all animals

water

What are examples of micronutrients

– Vitamins

– Minerals

• macrominerals

• microminerals

What is the definition of nonessential amino acids?

ones that can be made by the body

What is the definition of essential amino acids

what we have to provide in the diet

What is the definition “Complete & balanced”

meets all essential nutrient needs and in appropriate ratios

What if there is too much protein in the diet?

What about too much fat?

What about too much carbohydrates?

IT ALL DEPENDS ON THE DIET

% of metabolizable energy (ME) from ... comes from where

– Protein

– Fat

– Carbohydrates

What do macronutrients do?

• Source of essential nutrients

All are essential macronutrients but carbohydrates are important for animals?

• Essential for herbivores

Are carbohydrates essential for dogs/cats

• Not technically essential for dogs/cats, per NRC, BUT carbohydrates play an important role in GI health +/- blood glucose maintenance

ATP is generated from what two mechanisms

• anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)

• aerobic metabolism ( TCA cycle)

In the anaerobic metabolism phase what macronutrient is present

carbohydrate

In the aerobic metabolism phase what macronutrient is present

– Protein

– Lipid

– Carbohydrates

Where does anaerobic metabolism occur

occurs in the cytsol

Where does aerobic metabolism occur

occurs in the mitochondria

If we want to reduce calories we need to lower what

fat in the diet

In fat is going to increase what ?

its gonna increase density of the diet, more calories

What is the defintion of a protein?

complex structures composed of amino acids connected by peptide bonds

What is an amino acid

nitrogen-containing molecules

Purpose of protein/amino acids

• Muscle

• Skin & coat health

• Hormones (including GI hormones)

• Enzymes

• Plasma oncotic pressure

• Acid/base balance

• Euglycemia (cats)

• Energy (aerobic)

What is the purpose of malassimilation GI health

amino acid deficiency + negatively influences

How do we check the BCS of animal

palpate the dorsal spinous process, look at muscle condition with ceertain hair coats

What is the purpose of sulfur in the diets ?

Sulfur-containing amino acids (sulfur strong acid) are generally rich in animal-based protein

What is a crude protein ?

represents the measuremnt of nitrogen not the measurement of an amino acid

Crude protein equals what?

Nitrogen% x 6.25

What is an example of non-amino acid nitrogen ?

urea

What is an example of amino acid nitrogen

• animal protein

• plant proten

What is a good quality protein?

• Rich in essential amino acids

• Highly digestible & bioavailable

– Optimizes amino acid utilization

– Limits protein fermentation in the large

intestine

What’s good quality protein

• rich in essential amino acid

• highly digestible

What are examples of essential amino acids

• Phenylalanine

• Valine

• Tryptophan

• Threonine

• Isoleucine

• Methionine

• Histidine

• Arginine

• Leucine

• Lysine

What are examples of non essential amino acids

• Alanine

• Asparagine

• Cysteine

• Glutamine

• Glycine

• Proline

• Serine

• Tyrosine

Which is the amino acid found in cats

Taurine

Are “byproducts” a source of protein?

• Yes, animal-based byproducts (e.g. chicken byproducts) are a rich source of protein and byproducts are simply an organ tissue

Can plants be a good source of protein?

• Yes, for omnivores

• For carnivores, it’s tricky

– Incomplete in essential amino acids, thus requires careful formulation complimentary protein sources or added amino acids

How can you tell if protein (especially essential amino acids) intake is adequate?

• MCS

• Serum albumin

• Compare the current diet to requirements

What are the deficiency syndromes of amino acid is inadequate

– Muscle loss

– Decreased growth rate

– Weight loss

– Anemia

– Poor hair coat, decreased color

– Dilated cardiomyopathy, retinopathy (taurine)

What is the purose of lipid/fats

• Energy (aerobic)

• Food energy density

• Essential fatty acids

• Cell/lipid membranes

• Neurologic & retinal development

• Fat soluble vitamin absorption

• Generally, highly palatable (dogs/cats)

What are the three types of lipids

• Triglycerides

• Phospholipids
• Free fatty acids

• Sterols

What do triglyerides contain

– glycerol + 3 fatty acids

What are examples of Triglycerides

animal, seed/grain

What are examples of phospholipids

forage/animal cell wall

What are the components of Phospholipids

– glycerol + fatty acids

What is an example of sterols?

cholestrol

Fatty acids are characterized by the

• number of double bonds

• length

How many double bonds are in saturated fatty acids

• 0 double bonds

• only contains single bonds only

What are the two types of unsaturated fatty acids

• monounsaturated

• polyunsaturated

How many double bonds does a monounsaturated fatty acid contain

1 double bond

How many double bonds does a polyunsaturated fatty acid contain

2+ double bonds

Which fatty acid is considered essential fatty acids ?

polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)

True or false: there are no essential saturated fatty acids there are no essential monosaturated fatty acids?

true

True or false: all essential fatty acids classify into the polyunsaturated fatty acid category

true

Why are Omega-6 important

essential for normal cell membrane function

What are examples of Omega-6

– Linoleic acid (LA)

– Arachidonic Acid (AA)

What are examples of Omega-3

– Alpha linolenic acid (ALA)

– EPA, DHA

What is the importance of Omega-3

– Anti-inflammatory

Describe short chain fatty acids

– aka. volatile fatty acids (VFAs)

– < 6 carbons

Short chain fatty acids are produced by?

– Produced by GI microbes!

Describe the medium chain of fatty acids

– 6-12 carbons

– Coconut oil (source)

Describe the long chain fatty acids

– 13-21 carbons

– Essential fatty acids are all long-chain

What are the essential fatty acid requirements for dogs

• LA (linoleic acid)

• ALA (alpha linolenic acid)

• EPA

• DHA

What are the essential fatty acid requirements for cats

• LA (linoleic acid)

• AA (arachidonic acid)

• EPA

• DHA

What essential fatty acid is not required for dogs

• AA (arachidonic acid)

What essential fatty acid is not required for cats

• ALA (alpha linolenic acid)

Chylomicrons are a type of

lipoprotein

True or false: Chylomicrons are the largest & most lipid-dense of the lipoproteins

true

Long-chain fatty acids or triglycerides are transported from the

lymphatics via chylomicrons (+/- VLDL)

Why are long chain fatty acids or triglycerides transported via lymphatics via chylomicrons

• too large to enter blood capillary (i.e. do not travel via portal vessel)

• Reduces fat load to the liver

Vegetable oils & poultry fat supplies mostly what?

polyunsaturated omega-6 FA

Mammal fats supply mostly what

saturated FA

Fish/marine sources, including algae, supply what

polyunsaturated omega-3 FA

How can you tell if essential fatty acid intake is adequate?

• Skin & coat

How can you tell there is a deficinecy of inadequate of fatty acids

– Dry skin, dermatitis, dull haircoat

– Decreased neural and retinal function (during development and growth)

– Decreased growth rate

– Weight loss

– Immunodeficiency

Carbohydrate classification is

– Fiber vs. non-fiber

– By molecular structure, specifically number of monosaccharide units

– Complexity

– Solubility

– Fermentability

– Viscosity

Which carbohydrate are considered digestible carbohydrates

Non-fiber carbohydrates

Which carbohydrate are considered indigestible carbohydrates

Fiber carbohydrates

Carbohydrates contain what

organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Examples of monosaccharides

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

Examples Disaccharides

Lactose*

Sucrose

Maltose

Trehalose

What are examples of non-fiber polysaccharide

starch

Examples of fiber polysaccrides

Cellulose

Hemicellulose

Pectins

Gums

Mucilages

Arabinoxylas

Beta-glucans

Xyloglucans

Xylans

Rhamnogalactouronans

Arabinogalactans

Carrageenan

What do non-fiber carbohydrates do?

– Energy (aerobic & anaerobic)

• Brain & fetus

– Euglycemia

– Lactose

– Glycogen

– Glycoproteins

What do fiber carbohydrates do?

– GI health

• Energy for GI microbes

• Motility

• Stool quality & regularity

– Regulate glucose absorption

– Reduce energy density

– Satiety

– Reduces diet digestibility (in

general)

Do cats needs glycogenic

no they don’t, but dogs do

Sources of carbohydrates

• Vegetables

• Fruits

• Whole / modified / purified

• Glycogen (animal)