Growth pedia part 2What can a plateau in head circumference (HC) growth indicate? Microcephaly A plateau in HC growth can indicate ????? Microcephaly A plateau in HC growth can indicate __________. Microcephaly What can rapid head circumference (HC) growt

What can a plateau in head circumference (HC) growth indicate?

Microcephaly

A plateau in HC growth can indicate ?????

Microcephaly

A plateau in HC growth can indicate __________.

Microcephaly

What can rapid head circumference (HC) growth suggest?

Hydrocephalus

Rapid HC growth may suggest ?????

Hydrocephalus

Rapid HC growth may suggest __________.

Hydrocephalus

What are the two abnormal HC growth patterns and their possible conditions?

Plateau in HC growth → microcephaly; rapid HC growth → hydrocephalus

A plateau in HC growth suggests ?????, while rapid growth suggests ?????.

Microcephaly; hydrocephalus

A plateau in HC growth suggests __________, while rapid growth suggests __________.

Microcephaly; hydrocephalus

How many fontanelles are there?

6 fontanelles

How many main palpable fontanelles are there in the midline?

2

The two main palpable fontanelles in the midline are ????? and ?????.

Anterior fontanelle and posterior fontanelle

The two main palpable fontanelles in the midline are __________ and __________.

Anterior fontanelle and posterior fontanelle

What are the 4 smaller paired bilateral fontanelles?

2 anterolateral (sphenoidal) and 2 posterolateral (mastoid)

There are 4 smaller paired bilateral fontanelles: 2 ????? (sphenoidal) and 2 ????? (mastoid).

Anterolateral; posterolateral

There are 4 smaller paired bilateral fontanelles: 2 __________ (sphenoidal) and 2 __________ (mastoid).

Anterolateral; posterolateral

How many anterolateral (sphenoidal) fontanelles are there?

2

How many posterolateral (mastoid) fontanelles are there?

2

Which fontanelles are palpable in the midline?

Anterior and posterior fontanelles

Which fontanelle is anterior?

Anterior fontanelle

Which fontanelle is posterior?

Posterior fontanelle

What is another name for the anterolateral fontanelle?

Sphenoidal fontanelle

What is another name for the posterolateral fontanelle?

Mastoid fontanelle

What is the approximate width of the anterior fontanelle (AF) at birth?

≈ 3 fingers wide

At birth, the anterior fontanelle is approximately ????? wide.

3 fingers

At birth, the anterior fontanelle is approximately __________ wide.

3 fingers

What is the approximate width of the anterior fontanelle (AF) at 6 months?

2 fingers

At 6 months, the anterior fontanelle is approximately ????? wide.

2 fingers

At 6 months, the anterior fontanelle is approximately __________ wide.

2 fingers

What is the approximate width of the anterior fontanelle (AF) at 12 months (1 year)?

1 finger

At 12 months (1 year), the anterior fontanelle is approximately ????? wide.

1 finger

At 12 months (1 year), the anterior fontanelle is approximately __________ wide.

1 finger

When does the anterior fontanelle (AF) close?

By 18 months

The anterior fontanelle closes by ?????.

18 months

The anterior fontanelle closes by __________.

18 months

What is the progression of anterior fontanelle width from birth to 1 year?

3 fingers at birth → 2 fingers at 6 months → 1 finger at 12 months

Anterior fontanelle width: Birth → 6 months → 12 months = ????? → ????? → ?????.

3 fingers → 2 fingers → 1 finger

Anterior fontanelle width: Birth → 6 months → 12 months = __________ → __________ → __________.

3 fingers → 2 fingers → 1 finger

What is the size of the posterior fontanelle (PF) at birth?

Closed or less than 0.5 cm

At birth, the posterior fontanelle is ????? or less than 0.5 cm.

Closed

At birth, the posterior fontanelle is __________ or less than 0.5 cm.

Closed

What is the status of the posterior fontanelle (PF) at 2 months?

Closed

By 2 months, the posterior fontanelle is ?????.

Closed

By 2 months, the posterior fontanelle is __________.

Closed

What is the progression of posterior fontanelle closure?

At birth: closed or

Posterior fontanelle: Birth → 2 months = ????? → ?????.

Closed or

Posterior fontanelle: Birth → 2 months = __________ → __________.

Closed or

What can cause delayed closure of the fontanelles (large fontanelles)?

Down syndrome, rickets, achondroplasia, congenital hypothyroidism, osteogenesis imperfecta, hypopituitarism, and increased intracranial pressure

What is the mnemonic for causes of delayed fontanelle closure?

DRACO HI

What does D in the mnemonic DRACO HI stand for?

Down syndrome

What does R in the mnemonic DRACO HI stand for?

Rickets

What does A in the mnemonic DRACO HI stand for?

Achondroplasia

What does C in the mnemonic DRACO HI stand for?

Congenital hypothyroidism

What does O in the mnemonic DRACO HI stand for?

Osteogenesis imperfecta

What does H in DRACO HI stand for?

Hypopituitarism

What does I in DRACO HI stand for?

Increased intracranial pressure

Delayed fontanelle closure may be associated with ????? syndrome, rickets, achondroplasia, congenital hypothyroidism, osteogenesis imperfecta, hypopituitarism, and increased intracranial pressure.

Down

Delayed fontanelle closure may be associated with Down syndrome, ?????, achondroplasia, congenital hypothyroidism, osteogenesis imperfecta, hypopituitarism, and increased intracranial pressure.

Rickets

Delayed fontanelle closure may be associated with Down syndrome, rickets, ?????, congenital hypothyroidism, osteogenesis imperfecta, hypopituitarism, and increased intracranial pressure.

Achondroplasia

Delayed fontanelle closure may be associated with Down syndrome, rickets, achondroplasia, ?????, osteogenesis imperfecta, hypopituitarism, and increased intracranial pressure.

Congenital hypothyroidism

Delayed fontanelle closure may be associated with Down syndrome, rickets, achondroplasia, congenital hypothyroidism, ?????, hypopituitarism, and increased intracranial pressure.

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Delayed fontanelle closure may be associated with Down syndrome, rickets, achondroplasia, congenital hypothyroidism, osteogenesis imperfecta, ?????, and increased intracranial pressure.

Hypopituitarism

Delayed fontanelle closure may be associated with Down syndrome, rickets, achondroplasia, congenital hypothyroidism, osteogenesis imperfecta, hypopituitarism, and ?????.

Increased intracranial pressure

The mnemonic DRACO HI helps recall causes of ????? fontanelle closure.

Delayed

Large fontanelles can result from ????? closure of the fontanelles.

Delayed

What are the causes of early closure (small fontanelles)?

Premature closure before 6 months, craniosynostosis, and congenital hyperthyroidism

What is considered premature closure of the fontanelles?

Closure before the age of 6 months

Fontanelle closure before the age of ????? months is considered premature.

6

Fontanelle closure before the age of __________ months is considered premature.

6

What are the 2 main causes of early fontanelle closure (2C)?

Craniosynostosis and congenital hyperthyroidism

The mnemonic 2C for early fontanelle closure stands for ????? and ?????.

Craniosynostosis and congenital hyperthyroidism

The mnemonic 2C for early fontanelle closure stands for __________ and __________.

Craniosynostosis and congenital hyperthyroidism

Small fontanelles may result from ????? closure of the fontanelles.

Early

Early closure of the fontanelles may be caused by craniosynostosis or ?????.

Congenital hyperthyroidism

What are the main types of head growth abnormalities?

Abnormalities in size or shape

What abnormalities can occur in the size of the head?

Microcephaly and macrocephaly

What abnormalities can occur in the shape of the head?

Deformational plagiocephaly and craniosynostosis

Head growth abnormalities include abnormalities in ????? or ?????.

Size; shape

Head growth abnormalities include abnormalities in __________ or __________.

Size; shape

Abnormalities in head size include ????? and ?????.

Microcephaly; macrocephaly

Abnormalities in head size include __________ and __________.

Microcephaly; macrocephaly

Abnormalities in head shape include ????? and ?????.

Deformational plagiocephaly; craniosynostosis

Abnormalities in head shape include __________ and __________.

Deformational plagiocephaly; craniosynostosis

What are the four examples of head growth abnormalities mentioned?

Microcephaly, macrocephaly, deformational plagiocephaly, and craniosynostosis

When does almost all head growth occur?

Prenatally and during the first 2 years of life

Almost all head growth occurs ????? and during the first 2 years of life.

Prenatally

Almost all head growth occurs __________ and during the first 2 years of life.

Prenatally

Almost all head growth occurs prenatally and during the first ????? years of life.

2

Almost all head growth occurs prenatally and during the first __________ years of life.

2

What is the key period for head growth?

The prenatal period and the first 2 years of life

What percentage of normal adult head size is the head circumference at birth?

25%

At birth, head circumference is approximately ????? of normal adult head size.

25%

At birth, head circumference is approximately __________ of normal adult head size.

25%

What percentage of normal adult head size does head circumference reach by 1 year of age?

75%

By 1 year of age, head circumference reaches approximately ????? of normal adult head size.

75%

By 1 year of age, head circumference reaches approximately __________ of normal adult head size.

75%

How does head circumference change relative to normal adult head size from birth to 1 year?

25% at birth → 75% by 1 year

Head circumference increases from ????? of adult head size at birth to ????? by 1 year.

25%; 75%

Head circumference increases from __________ of adult head size at birth to __________ by 1 year.

25%; 75%

What is the definition of microcephaly?

Head circumference 2 standard deviations below the mean or below the 3rd percentile for gestational age