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Adaptation
A trait that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.
Camouflage
A form of adaptation where an organism blends into its environment to avoid detection.
Evolution
The process through which species change over time through natural selection and genetic variation.
Inherited Adaptations
Traits that are passed down from parents to offspring, as opposed to acquired traits.
Reductionism
An approach that breaks complex systems into simpler components for study.
Systems Biology
An approach that studies the interactions and relationships within biological systems.
Emergent Properties
Characteristics that arise from the interactions of simpler components, not present in individual parts.
Structure and Function
The principle that the shape of a biological structure is closely related to its function.
Cell
The basic unit of life, performing essential functions for organisms.
Prokaryotic Cells
Simple, unicellular organisms without a nucleus, typically smaller than eukaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic Cells
More complex cells with a nucleus and organelles, generally larger than prokaryotic cells.
DNA
The molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms.
Genes
Segments of DNA that encode for proteins and determine inherited traits.
Nucleotides
The building blocks of DNA, consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
Gene Expression
The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, usually a protein.
Genomics
The study of genomes, the complete set of DNA within an organism.
Proteomics
The study of the entire set of proteins produced by an organism.
Bioinformatics
The use of software and algorithms to analyze biological data, particularly in genomics and proteomics.
Energy Transfer
The movement of energy through an ecosystem, typically from producers to consumers.
Interactions
The relationships between organisms and their environment, including competition and symbiosis.
Climate Change
Long-term alterations in temperature and typical weather patterns in a place, often driven by human activity.
Extinction
The end of an organism or a group of organisms, often due to environmental changes or loss of habitat.
Natural Selection
The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
Descent with Modification
The principle that species evolve over time, with changes passed down through generations.
Homology
Similarities in structure or function among different species due to shared ancestry.
Convergent Evolution
The process where unrelated species develop similar traits due to similar environmental pressures.
Fossil Record
The history of life as documented by fossils, providing evidence for evolution.
Biogeography
The study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.
Endemic Species
Species that are native to and found only within a specific geographic area.
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