Digestive Systems I

These flashcards cover key terms and definitions related to digestive systems, energy conversions, macromolecules, and physiological processes.

Essential Nutrients

Substances the body is unable to synthesize from organic precursors.

Carbohydrates

Organic molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, typically used as a primary source of energy.

Lipids

Fatty acids and their derivatives, which are insoluble in water and serve as energy storage molecules.

Proteins

Chains of amino acids that perform a variety of functions, including catalyzing metabolic reactions and providing structural support.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy carrier in cells.

Hydrolysis

The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

Monosaccharides

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules like glucose and fructose.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates composed of long chains of monosaccharide units, like starch and glycogen.

Alimentary Canal

The whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus.

Gastrovascular Cavity

A digestive cavity with a single opening found in some animals, allowing for both ingestion and excretion.

Deglutition

The process of swallowing.

Peptide Bond

The bond formed between two amino acids during protein synthesis.

Hydrophilic

Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.

Hydrophobic

Repellant to water; nonpolar molecules that do not mix with water.

Vitamins

Organic compounds required in small amounts for various metabolic processes.

Minerals

Inorganic substances that are critical for a wide variety of physiological functions.

Peristalsis

The wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

Essential Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that humans must obtain through diet because the body cannot synthesize them.

Diglyceride

A glycerol molecule combined with two fatty acids.

Triglyceride

A lipid consisting of a glycerol molecule plus three fatty acids, used primarily for energy storage.

Cecum

A pouch connected to the junction of the small and large intestines.