Department of Education STEM Education Biology Students Resource Book Grades 11 Term 2 DOMAIN PHYLA Flashcards

Flashcards to help review lecture notes related to Department of Education STEM Education Biology Students Resource Book Grades 11 Term 2 DOMAIN PHYLA for exam preparation.

Biodiversity

All organisms, species, and populations; the genetic variation among these; and all their complex assemblages of communities and ecosystems. It also refers to the interrelatedness of genes, species, ecosystems and functions and their interactions with the environment

Genetic diversity

All the different genes contained in all individual plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms. It describes how closely related the members of one species are in a given ecosystem.

Species diversity

All the differences within and between populations of species, as well as between different species.

Ecosystem diversity

All the different habitats, biological communities, and ecological processes, as well as variation within individual ecosystems.

Functional diversity

The way species behave, obtain food and use the natural resources of an ecosystem

Agricultural biodiversity

All components of biological diversity of relevance to food and agriculture, and all components of biological diversity that constitute the agricultural ecosystems, also named agro-ecosystems.

Crop wild relatives (CWR)

An enormous and unique resource of genetic diversity which may be vital for future crop improvement, climate resilience and food security, particularly because they may harbor many valuable traits for agricultural adaptation to changing climate.

Ornithology

The study of birds.

Brood parasitism

Birds of a different species (parasites) manipulates another bird species (hosts) to raise its young as if it were its own.

Biotechnology

Combines biology with technology to engineer or use, modify or upgrade the part or whole of biological system for industrial and human welfare.

Recombinant DNA technology

Allows for the fragments of DNA molecules from two or more species that are recombined and then inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are useful to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry.

DNA Cloning

A cluster of individual cells that are genetically identical because they descended from one progenitor (common ancestor).

Restriction Sites

Specific sites on the DNA sequence that are recognized and cut by specific enzymes.

Restriction Enzymes

These act like “molecular scissors,” cutting the DNA into specific target sequences.

DNA Amplification – Polymerase Chain Reaction

PCR method can be used to amplify the gene (DNA fragment) of interest using primers with specific restriction sites.

Recombinant Expression – Production of Proteins

The expression vector (a different plasmid) is treated with restriction enzymes to open the site for the gene of interest to be inserted.

Genetically Engineered Organisms

The recombinant DNA technology has made it possible to add the DNA of one organism to the genome of another.

Gene Therapy

Defective genes that are responsible for genetic diseases can be “fixed” by introducing a normal gene into an individual’s genome in order to repair the defective mutation that causes a genetic disease.

Genomics

The genetic analysis of entire genomes.

Pharmacology

The study of drugs or chemicals and the effects they have on living animals.

Drug

A chemical that interacts with proteins in the body to affect a physiological function.

Active ingredient (of drug)

Chemical in the drug that affects physiological functioning.

Inactive ingredients (of drug)

Ingredients with no effect on the functioning of cells, namely lactose, dyes and gluten.

Receptors

Proteins embedded on the cell surfaces, there are different receptors for different types of cells.

Agonists

Drugs that produce a change in the cell functioning.

Antagonists

Drugs that stop a normal function of the cell.

Bioavailability

The amount of drug available to have an effect on the biological system.

Therapeutic window (of drug)

The range between the lowest dose that has a positive effect, and the highest dose before the negative effects outweigh the positive effects.

Immunization

The process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease typically by administration of a vaccine.

Adaptive Immune System

A tailored response to each stimulus by learning to recognize molecules it has previously encountered. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates an immunological memory leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen.

Humoral response

Process involves B cells that recognize antigens or pathogens that are circulating in the lymph or blood.

Vaccine

Consists of killed bacterial cells, inactivated viruses, and killed parasites, non-virulent forms of live bacteria, denatured bacterial toxins, or recombinant protein. The introduction of a vaccine into a human leads to protection against a virulent form of the micro- organisms or toxic agents that contain the same antigen.

Inactivated Vaccines

Dead or the killed version of the microbe (viruses, bacteria, etc.) that causes a disease or infection.

Live-attenuated vaccines

Vaccines that use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the microbe that causes the disease.

Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines

Vaccines that are identified by their targeted use on specific key components of the microbe as in its molecular composition.

Toxoid vaccines

Vaccines distinctive toxins produced by certain infective microbial organisms are utilized again to generate

Viral vector vaccines

Artificially designed vehicles utilized to carry a foreign genetic material into another cell. It uses a modified version of a vector to deliver immunity.

COVID-19

Pandemic, public health crisis, also severely affected the global economy and financial markets.