Bio/Biochem content corrections review

State what effect DNA methylation, histone acetylation and histone deacetylation has on gene expression

DNA methylation decreases expression

histone acetylation increases expression

histone deacetylation decreases expression

List the binding site, impact on Km and impact on Vmax of competitive, noncompetitive, uncompetitive and mixed inhibition?

competitive - active site, decreases, unchanged

noncompetitive - allosteric site, unchanged, decreases

uncompetitive - allosteric site, decreases, decreases

mixed - allosteric site, inc or dec, decreases

List the differences between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle (appearance, nuclei, nervous control, myogenic)

skeletal - multi-nucleated, striated, somatic control, voluntary, not myogenic

smooth - 1-2 nuclei, not striated, autonomic control, involuntary, myogenic

cardiac - uninucleated, striated, autonomic control, involuntary, myogenic

Which vitamins are soluble and insoluble?

water-soluble: vitamins B and C

fat-soluble: A, D, E and K

bacterial vs. eukaryotic ribosomes

Bacterial: 30s and 50s (70s)

Eukaryotic: 40s and 60s (80s)

Which AA’s can be phosphorylated and what atom is replaced by the phosphate group?

Serine, Threonine, and Tyrosine

• Oxygen from hydroxyl group does nucleophilic attack and replaces H atom with one of the phosphate groups from ATP

Immunogenicity vs. toxicity

when choosing antigen for vaccine production, it should trigger an immune response but it shouldn’t cause toxin production as that defeats purpose of vaccine

Biotechnology techniques

Southern: Finds specific DNA pieces in a sample

Northern: Finds specific RNA pieces to measure gene activity.

Western: Finds specific proteins using matching antibodies

RT-PCR: Detects and measures mRNA levels by converting RNA to DNA and replicating it in cycles.

Quantitative PCR: Measures DNA levels in real time.

Native Page vs. SDS Page

Native Page relies on seperation based on 3 combined properties: size, charge, and shape

SDS Page denatures the proteins and applies a uniform negative charge hence relying only on: size

Fatty acid synthesis - rate limiting step

Acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC) adds a CO2 molecule to acetyl-coa and turns it into malonyl-coa.

• requires biotin cofactor and consumes ATP

• high levels of Malonyl-coa inhibits fatty acid oxidation