Learning and Memory: Meaningful Learning, Nonsense Learning, and Interference Theory

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers key concepts from the lecture notes on memory, contrasting meaningful and nonsense learning, and detailing the mechanisms of Interference Theory.

Learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that happens through experience and practice.

Meaningful Learning

Learning that occurs when new information is connected to existing knowledge, experiences, or ideas, focusing on understanding rather than simple memorization.

Nonsense Learning

Learning material that has no meaning or logical connection, mainly depending on rote memorization (ratta).

Hermann Ebbinghaus

The German psychologist who conducted the first scientific studies on memory using nonsense syllables.

Nonsense Syllables

Random three-letter combinations such as DAX, QEH, and LOP used to study pure memory without influence from previous knowledge.

Savings Method

The amount of time saved when relearning information compared to learning it for the first time.

Forgetting Curve

An explanation of how information is lost over time, claiming forgetting happens very quickly after learning and then the rate of forgetting becomes slower.

Interference Theory

A theory stating that forgetting occurs because other memories interfere with the retrieval of information, making it difficult to access even if stored.

McGeoch & McDonald (1932)

Researchers who conducted important experiments on interference showing that new learning affects old memories.

Underwood (1957)

A psychologist who focused on proactive interference, suggesting much forgetting results from previous learning.

Encoding

The memory process of learning information.

Storage

The memory process of keeping information in memory.

Retrieval

The memory process of recalling information; this is the stage primarily affected by interference.

Proactive Interference

When old memories interfere with learning or remembering new information (Old $\rightarrow$ New).

Retroactive Interference

When new memories interfere with recalling old information (New $\rightarrow$ Old).

Spaced Repetition

A strategy to reduce interference by studying with gaps between sessions.