Gyn- Intro & Menstrual Physiology

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107 Terms

1
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The study of women and diseases that affect them is known as _____

gynecology

2
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The management of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium is known as ______

obstetrics

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What bones form the border of the true pelvis?

3 innominate bones of hip (ilium, ischium, pubis), sacrum, and coccyx

4
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What is between the vestibule and the anus?

perineum

<p>perineum</p>
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the muscular tube that is a potential space (not sitting open, collapsed) and extremely distensible is the _____

vagina

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What regions is the area surrounding the uterine cervix divided into?

anterior fornix, posterior fornix, 2 lateral fornices

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The area where fallopian tubes enter the uterus is known as the _____

cornu

<p>cornu</p>
8
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The major divisions of the uterus, body and cervix, is separated by the ____

isthmus

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How does the uterus normally appear?

pear shaped, thick walled, muscular organ

10
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What are the layers of the uterine wall?

serial layer → outer

myometrium → firm, thick, intermediate coat of smooth muscle

endometrium → inner mucosal lining

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The uterus is supported by ______

ligaments

<p>ligaments</p>
12
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The neck of the uterus, aka the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins w/ the top end of the vagina (fusion of mullerian ducts); and is cylindrical/conical in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall is known as the _____

cervix / cervix uteri

13
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The purpose of which organ is egg transport and site of fertilization to form a zygote?

fallopian tubes

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The purpose of which organ is gametogenesis- egg/ova/gamete production?

ovary

15
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<p>what type of cervical os?</p>

what type of cervical os?

nonparous / nulliparous

16
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<p>what kind of cervical os?</p>

what kind of cervical os?

parous / multiparous or instrumentation

17
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when would the ovaries be palpable?

reproductive years 50/50- based on timing in menstrual cycle (less often if on BCPS)

postmenopausal - variable; enlargement = alarm

18
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The fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper 2/3s of the vagina develop from ______

2 paired mullerian ducts

19
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What is derived from germ cells?

ovaries

20
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What arises from the sinovaginal bulb?

lower vagina

21
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Mullerian defects are often discovered due to _____

infertility

22
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What kind of abnormalities commonly accompany Müllerian duct defects due to the close proximity of development?

renal

23
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When one or both Müllerian ducts don’t develop fully, producing abnormalities such as uterine agenesis or hypoplasia (b/l) or unicornuate uterus (u/l), this is known as ______

organogenesis

24
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The process during which the lower segments of paired Müllerian ducts fuse to form the uterus, cervix, and upper vagina, this is known as _____

lateral fusion

25
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Fusion of the ascending sinovaginal bulb with the descending mullerian system, resulting in a patent vagina, is referred to as ____

vertical fusion

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incomplete vertical fusion results in _____

imperforate hymen

27
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failure of lateral fusion results in _____

bicornuate or didelphys uterus

28
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After the lower Müllerian ducts fuse, a central septum is present, referred to as _____

septal reportion

29
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failure of septal resorption results in ____

septate uterus

30
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What are the 3 phases of development of complete formation and differentiation of the mullerian defects?

organogenesis, fusion, septal resorption

31
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What class mullerian defect is this?

  • hypoplasia / agenesis → no reproductive potential aside from IVF of harvested ova and implantation in a host

class I

32
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<p>What class mullerian defect is this?</p><ul><li><p><strong>unicornuate uterus</strong> → result of complete/almost complete arrest of development of 1 Müllerian duct</p><ul><li><p>incomplete arrest (MC) → rudimentary horn w/ or w/o functioning endometrium</p></li><li><p>if horn obstructed, may need surgery, enlarging pelvic mass</p></li></ul></li><li><p>if contralateral healthy horn is almost fully developed, a full term pregnancy is believed to be possible</p></li></ul><p></p>

What class mullerian defect is this?

  • unicornuate uterus → result of complete/almost complete arrest of development of 1 Müllerian duct

    • incomplete arrest (MC) → rudimentary horn w/ or w/o functioning endometrium

    • if horn obstructed, may need surgery, enlarging pelvic mass

  • if contralateral healthy horn is almost fully developed, a full term pregnancy is believed to be possible

class II

33
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<p>What class mullerian defect is this?</p><ul><li><p><strong>didelphys uterus</strong> → results from complete confusion of both ducts</p></li><li><p>individual horns are fully developed and almost normal in size</p></li><li><p>2 cervices inevitably present</p></li><li><p>longitudinal or transverse vaginal septum possible</p></li><li><p>consider metroplasty (removing septum &amp; fusing both)</p></li><li><p>can carry pregnancy to full term since each horn is almost a fully developed uterus</p></li></ul><p></p>

What class mullerian defect is this?

  • didelphys uterus → results from complete confusion of both ducts

  • individual horns are fully developed and almost normal in size

  • 2 cervices inevitably present

  • longitudinal or transverse vaginal septum possible

  • consider metroplasty (removing septum & fusing both)

  • can carry pregnancy to full term since each horn is almost a fully developed uterus

class III

34
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<p>What class mullerian defect?</p><ul><li><p><strong>bicornuate uterus</strong> → results from partial confusion of ducts</p></li><li><p>demonstrates some degree of fusion b/t the 2 horns</p></li><li><p>horns not fully developed, typically smaller</p></li><li><p>some pts are candidates for metroplasty</p></li></ul><p></p>

What class mullerian defect?

  • bicornuate uterus → results from partial confusion of ducts

  • demonstrates some degree of fusion b/t the 2 horns

  • horns not fully developed, typically smaller

  • some pts are candidates for metroplasty

class IV

35
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<p>What class mullerian defect?</p><ul><li><p><strong>septate uterus</strong> → results from failure of resorption of septum b/t 2 uterine horns</p></li><li><p>septum can be partial or complete</p></li><li><p>uterine fundus is typically convex but may be flat or slightly concave</p></li><li><p>highest incidence of reproductive complications</p></li><li><p>treated by using transvaginal hysteroscopic resection of septum</p></li></ul><p></p>

What class mullerian defect?

  • septate uterus → results from failure of resorption of septum b/t 2 uterine horns

  • septum can be partial or complete

  • uterine fundus is typically convex but may be flat or slightly concave

  • highest incidence of reproductive complications

  • treated by using transvaginal hysteroscopic resection of septum

class V

36
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<p>What class mullerian defect?</p><ul><li><p><strong>arcuate uterus</strong> → variant of normal, no adverse impact on fertility and pregnancy outcomes</p></li><li><p>has slight midline septum w/ minimal and often broad fundal cavity indentation</p></li><li><p>variously classified as septate, bicornuate, or normal variant</p></li></ul><p></p>

What class mullerian defect?

  • arcuate uterus → variant of normal, no adverse impact on fertility and pregnancy outcomes

  • has slight midline septum w/ minimal and often broad fundal cavity indentation

  • variously classified as septate, bicornuate, or normal variant

class VI

37
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<p>What class mullerian defect?</p><ul><li><p><strong>diethylstilbestrol (DES) related anomaly</strong> → synthetic form of estrogen prescribe to pregnant women to prevent pregnancy complications from 1945-1971</p></li><li><p>seen in female offspring in 15% women exposed to DES during pregnancy</p></li><li><p>variety of abnormal findings- uterine hypoplasia and t shaped uterine cavity; inc risk vaginal clear cell carcinoma</p></li></ul><p></p>

What class mullerian defect?

  • diethylstilbestrol (DES) related anomaly → synthetic form of estrogen prescribe to pregnant women to prevent pregnancy complications from 1945-1971

  • seen in female offspring in 15% women exposed to DES during pregnancy

  • variety of abnormal findings- uterine hypoplasia and t shaped uterine cavity; inc risk vaginal clear cell carcinoma

class VII

38
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When an individual is physiologically capable of reproduction, this is known as _____

puberty

39
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The development of breasts is _____

thelarche

40
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The development of hair in the axilla and on the pubis is _____

pubarche

41
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The first menstrual period is ______

menarche

42
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An increase of adrenal androgens, early in sexual maturation and precursor to puberty, is ______

adrenarche

43
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The stages of physical and sexual development in children, adolescents, and adults based on external primary and secondary sex characteristics is referred to as _____

sexual maturity rating (SMR) - tanner stages

44
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Which Tanner Stage?

  • prepubertal

  • height inc at basal rate; 5-6 cm/yr

  • breast → papilla elevation only

  • pubic hair → villus hair only, no coarse pigmented hair

Tanner Stage 1

45
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Which Tanner Stage?

  • height increases at accelerated rate: 7-8 cm/yr

  • breast → buds palpable and areolae enlarge; ~ age 10.9 (8.9-12.9)

  • pubic hair → minimal coarse pigmented hair mainly on labia; ~ age 11.2 (9-13.4)

  • modifications based on increasingly earlier puberty

    • white: may appear 1 year earlier

    • black: may appear 2 years earlier

Tanner Stage 2

46
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Which Tanner Stage?

  • height increases at peak rate: 8cm/yr (age 12.5)

  • breast → elevation of contour, areolae enlarge; ~ age 11.9 (9.9-13.9)

  • pubic hair → dark, coarse, curly hair spreads over mons pubis; ~ age 11.9 (9.6-14.1)

  • axillary hair develops (13.1)

  • acne vulgaris develops (13.2)

Tanner Stage 3

47
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Which Tanner Stage?

  • height increases 7 cm/yr

  • breast → areolae forms secondary mound on the breast; ~ age 12.9 (10.5-15.3)

  • pubic hair → hair of adult quality, no spread to junction of medial thigh w/ perineum; ~ age 12.6 (10.4-14.8)

Tanner Stage 4

48
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Which Tanner Stage?

  • no further height increases after age 16

  • breast → adult contour, areola recesses to general contour of breast

  • pubic hair → adult distribution of hair, spreads to medial thigh, does not extend up linea alba

Tanner Stage 5

49
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The onset of secondary sexual development before the age of 8 in girls and 9 in boys is referred to as _____

precocious puberty

50
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What are the signs of precocious puberty in girls?

breast development and/or pubic hair→ white before age 7, black before age 6

menarche before age 10

**refer if 2 signs under 8 years old

51
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What might suggest a pathological cause of precocious puberty?

premature puberty in very young children, contrasexual development, peripheral cause (asynchronous development), visual field deficit suggesting pituitary mass

52
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What kind of precocious puberty?

  • caused by early maturation of hypothalamic pituitary-gonadal -axis

  • sequential maturation of breasts and pubic hair in girls, and testicular enlargement and pubic hair in boys

  • sex characteristics appropriate for gender (isosexual)

  • idiopathic in most cases

gonadotropin-dependent (GDPP) / central / true precocious puberty

53
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What kind of precocious puberty?

  • caused by excess secretion of estrogens/androgens (derived from adrenal glands or gonads), exogenous sources of sex steroids, or ectopic production of gonadotropin from GCT

  • may be appropriate for child’s gender (isosexual) or inappropriate (contrasexual)

gonadotropin-independent (GIPP) precocious puberty / peripheral precocity / pseudo-precocious puberty

54
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What kind of precocious puberty?

  • isolated breast development in girls (premature thelarche) or

  • isolated male hormone mediated sex characteristics in boys or girls that result from inc adrenal androgen production (premature adrenarche)

  • can be variant of normal puberty

  • should be monitored bc may progress to precocious puberty

  • tx: GnRH agonists

incomplete precocious puberty

55
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Most cases of premature thelarche are ____

idiopathic and present around age 2 with serum estradiol in prepubertal range

56
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What are the key features of premature thelarche?

  • isolated breast development; either u/l or b/l

  • absence of other secondary sex characteristics

  • normal linear growth & bone age

57
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Premature thelarche occurs in what two peaks?

first 2 years of life & 6-8 years of age

58
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When would a consultation with an endocrinologist be warrnet for premature thelarche?

progressive secondary sexual development, increasing growth velocity, or accelerated bone maturation present

59
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What population is premature adrenarche most common in?

girls (black > white) & individuals w/ obesity and insulin resistance

60
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Premature adrenarche is a risk factor for ______

PCOS

61
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What is the diagnosis of premature adrenarche best supported by?

  • elevated DHEA-sulfate concentration in pubic hair stage

  • 17-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone levels in age appropriate normal ranges

62
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Initial periods are usually ______

anovulatory (regular ovulation begins ab 1 yr later

63
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The USA average age of menarche (12.5) has _____

decreased

64
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What is the normal length of a menstrual cycle?

28 days +/- 7

65
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What is the normal duration of menses?

5 days +/- 2

66
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What Is the average blood loss per day in normal menses?

8 or fewer soaked pads / 35-150 ml (usually no more than 2 heavy days)

67
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What is the average loss of iron in normal menses?

13 mg

68
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What are the 3 primary components of the menstrual cycle?

HPA axis (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, & anterior pituitary )

69
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______ secretes LH and FSH to stimulate ovarian function.

anterior pituitary

70
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Which cycle?

  • follicular phase

  • ovulation

  • luteal phase; pregnancy

ovarian

71
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Which cycle?

  • proliferative phase

  • secretory phse

  • menses

uterine

72
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What is the control center that responds to hormones and neurotransmitters and secretes GnRH every 90 minutes, pulsatile to the anterior pituitary via portal circulation?

hypothalamus

73
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What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?

FSH & LH → ovary

prolactin → breast

74
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What hormone?

  • produced in gonads, pituitary gland, placenta, etc

  • increases FSH binding and FSH induced aromatization in the ovarian follicle

  • participates in androgen synthesis enhancing LH action in the ovary

activin

75
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Which hormone?

  • inhibits FSH production

  • produced in gonads, pituitary gland, placenta, corpus luteum, etc

  • secretion from the granulose cells of ovarian follicles is stimulated by FSH

  • secretion is diminished by GnRH and enhanced by IGF-1

inhibin

76
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What phase of the ovarian cycle?

  • initiated by lack of estrogen at end of menses

  • FSH from ant pit stimulates follicle to grow & produce estrogen

  • Graafian follicle chosen by day 7

  • as estrogen inc, it inhibits release of FSH

  • LH from ant pit in small amounts prior to ovulation, surges mid cycle in response to peak amounts of estrogen from mature follicle, stimulates ovary to produce progesterone after ovulation

  • 10-14 days

follicular / phase I

77
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Which phase of the ovarian cycle?

  • estrogen peaks at 200-300 pg/ml

  • GnRH inhibited by high estrogen & amt of FSH being secreted drops off

  • ant pit releases LH surge ahead of ovulation

  • one egg released 36-42 hours from onset of surge

  • corpus luteum formed at site of follicle that hs matured and released ovum

    • secretes progesterone to ready uterus for pregnancy

    • if not fertilized, becomes inactive after 10-14 days, involutes and becomes corpus albicans (fibrous scar tissue) and menstruation occurs

ovulatory / phase II

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what phase of the ovarian cycle?

  • progesterone dominant (secreted by corpus luteum)

  • relatively constant in length (12-14 days)

  • progesterone increases and peaks (day 20 of the cycle - 6 days post ovulation)

  • estrogen levels off

  • corpus luteum involutes after 14 days, resulting in drop of progesterone levels

    • if implantation, progesterone levels stay up due to production of hCG, progesterone would then further inhibit FSH and new follicular recruitment

luteal / phase III

79
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What phase of the uterine cycle?

  • roughly corresponds with follicular phase of ovarian cycle

  • influenced by estrogen

  • thickness of endometrium rapidly increases by the drawing out of the uterine glands

  • dont consulte or secrete in this phase

proliferative phase

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What phase of the uterine cycle?

  • roughly corresponds with luteal phase of ovarian cycle

  • progesterone influence from corpus luteum

  • lining becomes highly vascularized, slightly edematous, glands become coiled and tortuous and begin to secrete clear fluid

secretory phase

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What process occurs when the corpus luteum involutes, progesterone & estrogen dec,, PG inc & smooth muscle contraction, & endometrium loses its blood supply and sloughs its functional layer?

menstruation

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The stage of a woman’s reproductive life that begins up to 10 years before menopause (~40s) when the ovaries gradually begin to produce less estrogen in known as _____

perimenopause

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What is the average length of perimenopause?

4 years; ends after 12 consecutive months w/p a menstrual cycle (menopause)

84
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The following symptoms are associated with what condition?

  • change in periods - shorter or longer, lighter or heavier, more/less time in between

  • hot flashes, night sweats, trouble sleeping

  • vaginal dryness

  • mood swings, trouble focusing

  • less hair on head, more on face and breasts

Perimenopause

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What marks the permanent end of fertility with reduced functionaling of the ovaries, confirmed with the absence of menses for 12 consecutive months?

menopause

86
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what is the average age of menopause in the US?

52

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T/F: ovulation can still sporadically occur during menopause.

true

88
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What condition might happen during menopause due to the increased loss of estrogen?

osteoporosis

89
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what is the most common cause of secondary amenorrhea?

pregnancy

90
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what type of amenorrhea?

  • never menstruated

  • eti: gonadal failure, congenital absence of vagina, constitutional delay

primary

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What kind of amenorrhea?

  • menstruated but failed to menstruate again for more than 3 cycles or w/in 6 mos

  • eti: chronic anovulation, hypothyroidism/hyperprolactinemia, wt loss/anorexia

secondary

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when should a work up be initiated for amenorrhea?

  • no period by age 14 w/ absent secondary sex characteristics

  • no period by a ge 16 regardless of secondary sex characteristics

  • in menstruating women w/o menses for 6 mos

  • obvious cases- turners appearance, genital anomalies, etc

93
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What is the treatment for amenorrhea?

must treat to avoid prolonged uterine exposure to unopposed estrogen or anovulation if fertility desired

OC’s are good for younger pts; otherwise regular progesterone withdrawal

ovulation induction for desired conception

HRT or OC’s if perimenopausal

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What is the most common Ullrich turner syndrome?

chromosomal monosomy X (45XO)

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The following symptoms are associated with what condition?

  • characteristic physical abnormalities → short stature, lymphedema, broad chest, low hairline, low set ears, webbed neck

  • gonadal dysfunction (amenorrhea & infertility)

  • CHD, hypothyroidism, ophthalmologic problems, etc

Ullrich turner syndrome

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Severe uterine pain/cramps during menstruation that are severe enough to limit normal activities or require medication is known as _____

dysmenorrhea

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Excessively heavy blood loss is known as ____

menorrhagia

98
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what is the treatment for primary dysmenorrhea?

  • OCPs- suppress ovulation, lighter/regular flow

  • NSAIDS- ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, naproxen sodium

  • low level topical heat

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When ectopic tissue similar to the lining of the uterus is found elsewhere in the body, this is _____

endometriosis

100
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What is the most common symptom of endometriosis?

pelvic pain