Acid-Base Fluid & General Fluid | Chapter 25 | BIOL117

rank the liquid requirement of these group from highest to lowest: children, young & middle-aged adult, elderly, infant

1. infant

2. children, young anf middle aged adult

3. elderly

true or false body fluid increases with age

false: body fluid decreases with age

where is most of the body water stored?

1. 75% of skeletal is water

2. 20% of adipose tissue is water

3. 5% at other places around the body

true or false: males have more skeletal muscles so slightly higher percentage of body fluid

true

the percentage of body fluid decreases as body fat __________

increases

intracellular fluid (ICF)

1. fluid within our cells

2. comprised of 2/3 of total body fluid

3. enclosed by plasma membrane

extracellular fluid (ECF)

1. fluid outside our cells

2. comprised of two types: interstitial and blood plasma

interstitial fluid

1. extracellular fluid surrounding the cells (like right outside of the cell)

2. composes 2/3 of extracellular fluid

blood plasma

1. extracellular fluid within the blood vessels

2. seperated from interstitial fluid by capillary vessel wall (more permeable than plasma membrane)

true or false: the capillary vessels are more permeable than plasma membrane

true

interstitial fluid and blood plasma membrane are _______ in composition

similar

review the different type of extracellular fluid existing in the body….

1. cerebrospinal fluid

2. synovial joint fluid

3. aqueous and vitreous humor of the eye

4. fluids of the inner ear

5. serous fluids within body cavity

____________ fluid has more K+, Mg2+, PO43- and negatively charged proteins

intracellular

____________ fluid has more Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-

extracellular

what is the main difference between interstitial fluid and blood plasma?

proteins is present in blood plasma but very little in interstitial fluid

there is a ____________ movement of fluid between compartment (extra - intra) in response to changes in osmolarity (concentration of solutes)

continuous

water moves by osmosis from __________ solution to ____________ solution

hypotonic; hypertonic

when water enter the body, does the plasma osmolarity decreases or increases?

decreases; because the water dilute the solute concentration (e.g., sodium, chlorides) within the blood

hypotonic

when the solute concentration outside the cell is lower compared to inside the cells, thus water moves into the cells and potentially burst it

hypertonic

when the solute concentration outsde the cell is higher compared to inside the cells, thus mwater move out of the cells and potentially shrink it

fluid intake is ___________ to fluid output

equal

ingested water

water absorbed from food and drink; about 2300 mL per day

metabolic water

water produced from aerobic cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis; about 200 mL per day

what is the average loss of water from the body per day and some of the ways the water is lost?

2500 mL per day; breathing, sweating, evaporation of water through skin (cutaneous transpiration), defecation, urination

what are the ways that water loss can be described as?

1. sensible/insensible

2. obligatory/ facultative

sensible water loss

1. measureable

2. include fluid lost through feces and urine

insensible water loss

1. not measreuable

2. fluid lost in expired air

3. fluid lost from skin through sweat and cutaneous transpiration

obligatory water loss

1. loss of water that always occur

2. water lost through breathing adn through the skin

3. water lsot through feces and minimal urine needed to eliminate waste

facultative water loss

1. controlled water loss

2. dependent on hydration of the body

3. hormonally regulated in kidney nephrons (only mechanism to control fluid output and can decrease fluid loss if the body is dehydrated)

what are the different type of fluid imbalance with constant osmolarity?

1. volume depletion

2. volume excess

volume depletion

1. fluid imbalance with constant osmolarity

2. occurs when isotonic fluid loss is greater than isotonic fluid gain

3. e.g., hemorrhage, severe burns, chronic vomiting, diarrhea, hyposecretion of aldosterone

volume excess

1. fluid imbalance with constant osmolarity

2. isotonic fluid gain is greater than isotonic fluid loss

3. fluid intake normal but decreased fluid loss through kidneys

4. Caused by kidney/heart failure or hormonal excess (e.g., aldosterone).

what are the different type of fluid imbalance with changing osmolarity?

1. dehydration

2. hypotonic hydration

dehydration

1. fluid imbalance with changes in osmolarity

2. water loss greater than loss of solutes

3. result from profuse sweating, diabetes, intake of alcohol, hyposecretion of ADH, insufficient water intake, overexposure to cold weather

4. water shifts from cells into interstitial fluid and blood plasma

5. possible dehydration of body cells

hypotonic hydration

1. fluid imbalance with changes in osmolarity

2. water intoxication

3. can result from ADH hypersecretion

4. usually from drinking large amount of plain water

5. Both Na+ and water lost during sweating

6. plasma becomes hypotonic

7. fluid moving from blood plasma into interstitial fluid and into cells

8. possible swelling of cells

fluid sequestration

total body fluid is normal but distributed abnormally

edema

puffiness with fluid accumulation in interstitial space

ascites

accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity

pericardial effusion

accumulation of fluid in pericardial cavity

pleural effusion

accumulation of fluid in pleural cavity

regulting fluid balance is important at regulating _______________, ___________, and ______________

1. blood volume

2. blood pressure

3. blood plasma osmolarity

what happen to blood pressure, blood volume, and blood osmolarity when fluid intake is less than output?

1. decreases blood pressure and blood volume

2. increases blood osmolarity if more water is lost than solutes

what happen to blood pressure, blood volume, and blood osmolarity when fluid intake is greater than output?

1. increases blood pressure and blood volume

2. decreases blood osmolarity if water gain exceeds solute gains

what are the stimuli that activate the thirst center?

1. decreased blood volume and blood pressure (renin → angiotensin II → activate thirst center0

2. increased blood osmolarity (trigger hypothalamus to release ADH)

3. decreases salivary secretions (from mucous membrane)

what are the stimuli that inhibits the thirst center?

1. increased blood volume and blood pressure (inhibited released of renin → decreased angiotensin II)

2. decreased blood osmolarity (decreased secretion of ADH)

3. increased salivary secretions

4. distention of stomach (stretch caused by fluid entering)

Nonelectrolytes

1. molecules that do not dissoacite in solutions

2. most covalently bonded organic molecules

electrolytes

1. dissociates in solution to form cations and anions

2. have the abilityt to conduct electrical current when dissolved

3. each have unique osmotic functions

4. concentration given as milliequivalents/L (mEq/L)

28-37

99% of sodium ion is presented in ___________ fluid

extracellular

what are the hormones that regulate concentration of sodium in the body through urine?

1. aldosterone

2. ADH

3. ANP

which ions exert the greatest osmotic pressure?

sodium

what is the most important electrolyte in determining blood plasma osmolarity and regulating fluid balance?

sodium

ECF is ___________ if Na_ concentration increased

hypertonic

ECF is ___________ if Na+ concentration decreased

hypotonic

where is the most abundant source of calcium?

bone and teeth

retention of Na+ and water causes _________ in blood volume and blood pressure

increase

hypernatremia

above normal level sodium

hyponatremia

below normal level sodium

how does aldosterone regulate fluid balance?

1. retain Na+ and water

2. maintain Na+ blood plasma concentration

how does ADH regulate fluid balance?

1. retains water

   1. decreases Na+ blood plasma concentration

how does ANP regulate fluid balance?

1. increases excretion of Na+ and H2O

2. decreases Na+ blood plasma concentration

which ions is essential in exerting intracellular osmotic pressure?

potassium (K+)

potassium is extremely important for ________ activities and controlling _______ rhythm

neuromuscular; heart

which ions have the most lethal of electrolyte imbalances?

potassium → cardiac or respiratory arrest

hyperkalemia

above normal level potassium

hypokalemia

below normal level potassium

functions of calcium

1. muscle contraction

2. nerve impulse

true or false: sodium is the most common type of electrolyte imbalance

true

where is phosphate most abundant in?

ICF but can also be found in DNA, RNA, and phospholipids

changes in blood plasma K+ and H+ concentration can cause __________ shift

potassium

how does aldosterone regulate potassium balance?

1. cause K+ secretion by kidneys (and excretion in urine)

2. decreases K+ blood plasma concentration

K+ distribution is dependent upon __________, ___________, and __________

K+ levels, H+ levels, insulin

what is the most abundant anion in ECF?

chloride

hyperchloremia

above normal level chloride

hypochloremia

below normal level chloride

which ions follows Na+ by electrostatic interaction with amount lost in urine dependent upon blood plasma Na+

chloride

what is the most abundant electrolytes in the bone and teeth?

calcium

what is the function of calcium?

1. muscle concentration

2. neurotransmitter release

3. serves as a second messenger and participates in blood clotting

hypercalcemia

above normal level calcium

hypocalcemia

below normal level calcium

what is the most abundant anion in ICF?

phosphate (PO43-)

what is the function of phosphate ions?

1. component of DNA, RNA and phospholipids

2. intracellular buffer and urine buffer

what is the second most abundant cation in ICF?

magnesium

what is the functions of magnesium?

1. muscle relaxation

2. enzymatic reactions

3. bone rigidity

magnesium ions is regulated through the ____________

kidneys

how does angiotensin II, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone regulate fluid balance?

decrease urine output to increase blood volume and pressure

how does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) regulate fluid balance?

increases urine output to decrease blood volume and pressure

what is the pathway of blood pressure decreasing and Angiotensin, ADH, and Aldosterone at work?

1. BP falls → kidneys release enzyme renin into the bloodstream

2. renin splits angiotensin into Angiotensin I

3. Angiotensin I flows through the bloodstream and split into pieces, Angiotensin II, by angiontensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs and kidneys

4. Angiotensin cause muscular walls of small arteries (arterioles) to constrict → increasing blood pressure

5. Angiotensin II trigger the adrenal glands to release aldosterone and posterior pituitary gland to release ADH

6. ADH and aldosterone cause kidney to retain sodium, release potassium into the urine, and decrease urine output

7. increased sodium cause wate retention → increased blood volume and blood pressure

renin is released from the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney in response to _________ or __________

low blood pressure (constrict the efferent now afferent); sympathetic stimulation

_________ and _______ cause formation of angiotensin II

renin; ACE

• Low blood pressure (hypotension) and low salt/water concentration (low blood volume/effective circulating volume) trigger the formation of angiotensin II, a key hormone in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

what effects does angiotensin II got on the blood vessels and kidneys?

1. blood vessels = vasoconstriction which increase peripheral resistance and blood pressure

2. kidneys = decreases urine output to hel maintain blood volume and blood pressure

what effects does angiotensin got on the thirst center, hypothalamus, and adrenal cortex?

1. thirst center - increased fluid intake → increased blood volume and pressure

2. hypothalamus = stimulate posterior pituitary to release ADH

3. adrenal cortex = release aldosterone

true or false: the body would rather have low blood pressure than high

FALSE: the brian is a greedy “bastard” and want to have as much blood oxygen as possible!!!! but in all seriousness that brain dn heart need the blood supply to keep a person alive

what is the primary stimulus for ADH release beside form angiotensin II?

increased blood osmolarity - detected by hypothalmic chemoreceptors

what are the changes initiated by ADH?

1. stimulates thirst center in the hypothalamus - fluid intake increases → increased blood volume

2. increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

3. stimulates principals cells to increase number of aquaporins (more water channels to let more water in)

4. vasoconstriction of systemic blood vessels → increase peripheral resistance and systemic blood pressure

aldosterone is a ________ hormone

steroid

aldosterone respond to ___________, ____________, ___________

1. angiotensin II

2. decreased blood plasma Na+ levels (decreased water retention)

3. increased blood plasma K+ (decreased water retention)

what are the changes initiated by aldosterone?

1. increased reabsorption of Na+ and water

2. increased secretion of K+

3. decreases urine output

4. maintains blood osmolarity

what is atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and what does it respond to?

1. peptide hormone

2. released from the heart atria

3. response to stretch of the heart (increased blood volume and pressure to the heart)

what are the changes initiated by atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

1. decreases blood volume and pressure by binding to target organs

2. dilate systemic vessels (cause dilation of afferent arterioles in the kidneys) → relaxes mesangial cells → increase GFR and urine output

3. inhibits Na+ and water reabsorption by nephron tubules

4. increases urine output, decreasing blood volume and blood pressure

5. inhibit the release of renin, ADHD, and action of aldosterone