Rad 125 exam 1

Who discovered X-rays

Dr. Roentgen

When was Xray discovered?

November 8, 1895

How was X-rays discovered?

During a experiment involving a cathode ray tube covered in black cardboard; Barium platinocyanide painted cardboard fluoresced each time the tube was energized

When was the first X-ray produced?

Dec 22, 1895

What was the first ever X-ray?

Roentgen wife’s hand

What was the treatment for radiation burns?

Amputation

What became identifying traits of the profession radiology?

amputations and gloved hands

What nearly eliminated acute radiodermatitis?

improved imaging plates and techniques being learned by 1900

What are the three unit of measures?

Fundamental, Derived and Radiologic quantities

What is mass in the British system?

Pound

What is length in the British system?

Foot

What is time in the British system?

Second

What is mass in the SI metric system?

Kilogram

What is tenth in the SI metric system?

Meter

What is time in the SI metric system?

Second

Mass

quantity of matter contained in an object

Matter

anything that mass and occupies space

Velocity

measure of speed

Force

push, pull, or other actions that changes the motion of an object

Momentum

equal to mass of object X’s velocity

Work

force applied to an object X’s by the distance across which it is applied

power

equal to work divided by time which work is done

What are the fundamental quantities?

Mass, length and time

What are the derived quantities?

Velocity, acceleration, force, momentum, work and power

What are the radiologic quantities?

Dose, does equivalent, exposure and radioactivity

What is the velocity unit of measure?

m/s

What is the acceleration unit of measure?

m/s2

What is the force unit of measure?

N (Newton)

What is the momentum unit of measure?

kg-m/s

What is the work unit of measure?

J(Joule)

Inertia

property of an object with mass that resists a change in its state of motion

Newton’s 1st law of motion

An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.

Energy

simply the ability to do work

What are the two states of energy?

Potential and Kinetic

Potential energy

energy in a stored state

Kinetic energy

energy being expanded

What are some forms of energy?

electromagnetic, electrical, chemical and thermal

What formula did Albert Einstein create?

E=MC²

What does E=MC² mean?

Energy=Mass X constant (speed of light)²

What is the Roentgen used for?

to quantify radiation intensity

The rad (radiation absorbed dose)

used to quantify the biologic effects of radiation on humans and animals

The rem (radiation equivalent man)

used to quantify occupational exposure or dose equivalent

The curie

used to quantify radioactivity

What is the SI equivalent to roentgen (R)?

coulomb/kilogram (C/kg)

What is the SI equivalent to rad?

gray (Gy)

What is the SI equivalent to rem?

sievert (Sv)

What is the SI equivalent to curie?

Becquerel (Bq)

What does ALARA stand for?

As low as reasonably achievable

What does ALARA say is the radiographer responsibility?

to minimize radiation dose to the patient, oneself and others

What are the cardinal principals to minimize radiation doses?

shielding, time, and distance

Interactions in the Xray tube that produces xrays occur at what?

the atomic level

Interactions between the X-ray photons and the human body occur at what?

the atomic level

Xray photons exiting the patient interact at what?

the atomic level of the IR to create images

Who is most associated with the earliest atomic theory?

Lecuippus

Who is credited with formalizing the earliest atomic theory?

Democritus of Abdera

Who developed a sound atomic theory based on scientific evidence?

John Dalton

Who organized elements into a periodic table?

Dmitri Mendeleev

Who discovered the electron while studying cathode ray tubes?

Joseph John Thomson

What did Joseph John Thomson develop?

the plum pudding model

Who proposed a new model of the atom that resembled a tiny version of our solar system?

Ernest Rutherford

What did Ernest Rutherford conduct experiments with?

alpha particles

What are the three fundamental particles of a atom?

electrons, neutrons and protons

What is the nucleus made up of?

protons and neutrons

What orbits the nucleus?

electrons in defined energy levels and distances

What is proton electrical charge?

positive

What is neutron electrical charge?

natural

What is electron electrical charge?

Negative

What is the mass of proton?

1.673 × 10-37kg

What is neutron mass

1.675 × 10-27kg

What is electron mass?

9.109 × 10-31kg

If an atom has an equal number of protons and electron it has what?

no net charge

If the negative charges outnumber the positives the atom is?

a negative ion or anion

If the positive charges outnumber the negatives the atom is?

a positive ion or cation

The nucleus is held together by?

a strong nuclear force that creates a binding energy

What does the binding energy do?

holds the proton and neutrons together to form the nucleus

What are key determinates of X-ray production?

nuclear and electron binding energy

What is Nuclear binding energy?

the amount of energy required to split an atom

Nuclear binding energy is expressed in what?

megaelectron-volts (MeV)

Electron orbits the nucleus at what?

a very high velocity