Pharmocology Chapters 10, 11, 12, 14, and 15 Vet tech

adrenocortical insufficiency

a progressive condition associated with adrenal atrophy, usually caused by immune-mediated inflammation; also known as hypoadrenocorticism or Addison's disease

anabolic steroids

synthetic steroidal drugs with anabolic effects (promotion of muscle growth) that have androgenic effects similar to testosterone

androgens

male sex hormones in the testes, ovaries, and adrenal cortex

anestrus

period of the estrous cycle when the animal is sexually quiet and is not going through any phase of the estrous cycle

diabetes insipidus

a disease characterized by the inability to concentrate urine, caused by failure of the posterior pituitary gland to release sufficient antidiuretic hormone, or the inability of the kidneys to respond to antidiuretic hormone stimulation

diabetes mellitus (DM)

a complex disease of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism caused by lack of or inefficient use of insulin; animals with diabetes mellitus have hyperglycemia, glucosuria, PU/PD, and alteration in fat metabolism that can lead to toxic effects and diabetic coma

diestrus

period of the estrous cycle after metestrus; a short phase of inactivity in polyestrous animals; in pregnant animals the corpus luteum is fully functional and produces high levels of progesterone and if the animal is not pregnant diestrus ends as the corpus luteum deceases in size

estrogen

a hormone that promotes female sex characteristics and stimulates and maintains the reproductive tract and accessory reproductive organs, including duct growth of the mammary glands; estrogen is produced mainly by the ovarian follicle and placenta

estrus

a series of stages that prepares the female of the species for mating and pregnancy; the entire sexual cycle in the female

glucagon

a hormone that promotes the breakdown of liver glycogen into glucose, which exits the liver and enters the bloodstream, increasing blood glucose levels and the availability of glucose to provide energy for body functions

glucocorticoid

a type of corticosteroid that affects many body systems including carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, and muscle and blood cell activity; also used as anti-inflammatory agents and to terminate late-stage cattle pregnancies because they inhibit phospholipase, an enzyme that breaks down the cell membrane

gonadotropins

hormones that stimulate the gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) to release luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone

growth promotants

anabolic agents that help increase the efficiency of weight gain in animals

hormone

a chemical substance produced by cells in one part of the body and transported to another part of the body, where it influences and regulates cellular and organ function

hyperadrenocorticism

disease that may be caused by adrenocortical tumors that produce excessive adrenocortical hormones or by pituitary disorders that cause excess ACTH production, leading to excess production of adrenocortical hormones; also called Cushing's disease

hyperthyroidism

excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland

hypoadrenocorticism

a progressive condition associated with adrenal atrophy, usually caused by immune-mediated inflammation; also known as adrenocortical insufficiency or Addison's disease

hypothyroidism

a disease characterized by a deficiency of thyroid hormone that may be caused by failure of the thyroid gland to trap iodide, to convert iodide to iodine, and/or to release sufficient thyroid hormone from its storage sites

insulin

a hormone formed in the pancreas that is released in response to a rise in blood glucose and promotes movement of glucose from the blood to the cells where it can be used for energy and into liver storage in the form of glycogen

metestrus

period of the estrous cycle after sexual receptivity

proestrus

period of the estrous cycle before sexual receptivity

progesterone

a female sex hormone produced and secreted by the corpus luteum that decreases uterine activity when a female is pregnant, and is important in the maintenance of pregnancy in most veterinary species

prostaglandins

group of naturally occurring, chemically related chemicals made by almost every cell in the body; some prostaglandins cause lysis of the corpus luteum and some stimulate uterine and other smooth muscle contractions;

synchronization

manipulation of the females' estrous cycle so they can be bred at approximately the same time

testosterone

the primary male sex hormone

adsorbents

drugs that bind substances such as bacteria, digestive enzymes, and/or toxins to protect the intestinal mucosa from their damaging effects

antacids

substance that promotes ulcer healing by neutralizing HCl and reducing pepsin activity

anticholinergic drugs (parasympatholytic drugs)

drugs that inhibit the actions of acetylcholine by occupying the acetylcholine receptors; also called parasympatholytics, antimuscarinic agents, or antispasmodics

antidiarrheal

drugs that help reverse diarrhea by decreasing the liquidity of stool

antiemetics

drugs that control vomiting

antifoaming agents

drugs that reduce or prevent the formation of foam

antisialogues

drugs that decrease salivary flow

antiulcer drugs

drugs that treat or prevent erosions of the gastrointestinal mucosa

cathartics

harsher laxatives that result in a soft to watery stool and abdominal cramping

cholinergic drugs (parasympathomimetic drugs)

agents that mimic the action of the parasympathetic nervous system; also called parasympathomimetics

dentifrices

substances that clean the teeth

emetics

drug that induces vomiting

laxative

medicine that loosens the bowel contents and encourages evacuation of stool

orexigenic drugs

appetite stimulants

probiotics

substances that seeds the gastrointestinal tract with beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus faecium, and Bifidobacterium spp.; the World Health Organization defines probiotics as "live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host."

prokinetic agents

gastrointestinal drugs that increase the motility of parts of the GI tract to enhance movement of material through it

protectants

drug that coats inflamed intestinal mucosa with a protective layer

adrenergic antagonists

a drug that inhibits the action of the adrenergic receptors; also called sympatholytics and adrenergic blocking agents. Adrenergic antagonists are divided into alpha and beta; beta-adrenergic antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension and alpha-adrenergic antagonists are used to decrease the tone of internal urethral sphincters and to decrease blood pressure.

antihypertensives

drugs used to decrease high blood pressure

cholinergic agonists

drugs that mimic the action of the parasympathetic nervous system by either mimicking the action of acetylcholine or inhibiting acetylcholine breakdown; also known as parasympathomimetics

diuresis

increased excretion of urine

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid and electrolyte balance, as well as systemic vascular resistance

urinary incontinence

loss of voluntary control of micturition

uroliths

abnormal mineral masses anywhere in the urinary system

antibiotic

a chemical substance that has the capacity to kill (bactericidal activity) or inhibit the growth (bacteriostatic activity) of bacteria

antibiotic drug resistance

condition in which bacteria continue to multiply despite administration of a particular antibiotic drug

antifungal drugs

drugs that treat disease spread by fungi

antimicrobial drugs

chemical substance that kills microorganisms or suppresses their multiplication or growth; drug used to counteract infection

antiseptic

chemical used on skin or other living tissue in the process of making it free of contamination by pathogens; antiseptics kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on living tissue

antiviral drugs

drugs that prevent viral penetration of the host cell, inhibit the virus's production of DNA or RNA, or affect attachment of viruses to cell receptors

bactericidal

agent capable of killing bacteria

bacteriostatic

agent that inhibits the growth or replication of bacteria

beta-lactamase

enzyme produced by some bacteria that destroys the beta-lactam ring of some antibiotics (such as penicillin and cephalosporin)

breakpoint

a chosen concentration of antibiotic drug used to determine a bacteria's resistance and sensitivity

broad spectrum

drugs that act on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

disinfectants

chemical used in the process of reducing the number of pathogens on inanimate objects; disinfectants kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on inanimate objects

intermediate

categorization of an antibiotic drug that inhibits bacterial growth or replication only when then maximum recommended dosage is used

localized infection

infection that affects only one body part/area or organ

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

the lowest concentration of a particular antibiotic that visually inhibits the growth of bacteria

narrow spectrum

drugs that act specifically on either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria

potentiated

chemically combined with another drug to enhance the effects of both

resistant

categorization of an antibiotic to withstand dosages of a drug that will kill or inhibit the growth of most members of its species; the antibiotic drug does not work against these bacteria

sanitizing

physical removal of organic material (such as manure, blood, feed, and carcasses)

sensitive

categorization of an antibiotic to be killed or its growth inhibited by an antibiotic; the antibiotic works against these bacteria

spectrum of activity

the range of bacteria that an antibiotic or antimicrobial will eradicate

systemic infection

infection that affects the whole animal; typically is more serious than a localized infection

adulticide

drugs that kill adult parasites, especially heartworms

anthelmintics

drugs that kill or expel worm parasites by acting on metabolic pathways that are present in the invading worm but absent or significantly different in the animal host; anthelmintics are further categorized as antinematodal, anticestodal, or antitrematodal

anticestodal drugs

drugs that kill or inhibit cestoda worms (tapeworms)

antinematodal drugs

agents that kill or inhibit nematodal worms (roundworms)

antiprotozoal drugs

drugs that kill or inhibit protozoal organisms

antitrematodal drugs

drugs that kill or inhibit trematodes (flukes)

coccidiostats (anticoccidial drugs)

drugs that inhibit coccidia organisms; also called coccidiostats

ectoparasites

a parasite living on the surface of the host's body and cause external parasite infestations

endoparasites

a parasite that lives within the body of the host and cause internal parasite infections