BIO235 Unit 1 Ch 1

Homeostasis

maintanance of relative stability of bodies internal environment

process

anatomy is defined as the ______ of cutting

act

dissection is defined as the _______ of cutting

function

structure determines _______

Physiology

how the body functions

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism

6 levels of human body organization

atoms

smallest unit of matter in a chemical reaction

molecules

2 or more atoms joined together

cells

basic structural and functional units of an organism and the smallest living units in the human body

tissue

groups of cells and materials surrounding them that work together to perform a single function

organ

structures comprised of 2+ types of tissues that have specific functions and typically a specific recognizable shape

Metabolism, Responsiveness, Movement, Growth, Differentiation, Reproduction

6 Basic Life Processes

Metabolism

sum of chemical processes that occur in the body

Catabolism

Breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

Anabolism

Building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

existing cell size, numbe of cells

Growth of the body occurs as a result of increasing ___________ and increasing the _____________

Differentiation

development of a cell from unspecialized to specialized state

STEM cells

precursor cells

growth, repair, replacement, production of new individual

reproduction involves the formulation of new cells for ___, ______, _______, and the ______________

Bodily fluids

dilute watery solutions with disolved chemicals within and surrounding cells

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Fluid within cells

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Fluid surrounding cells

Interstitial Fluid

ECF filling narrow space between cells

Plasma

ECF in the blood vessels

Lymph

ECF in the lymphatic vessels

Cerebrospinal Fluid

ECF surrounding the brain and spinal cord

Synovial Fluid

ECF surrounding the joints

aqueous and vitreous humor

ECF in the Eye

Nervous and Endocrine

Systems that constantly maintain homeostasis

Feedback system

Cycle of event in which status of the body is repeatedly monitored, evaluated, and changed

Controlled Condition

Each monitored variable in a feedback system (Body temp, BP, Blood Glucose, etc)

Stimulus

Any disruption that changes a controlled condition

Receptor

Body structure that monitors changes in the contolled condition and sends signals through the afferent pathway to control center

Control Center

Sets narrow range (set point) within which a controlled condition should be maintained

Output

nerve impulses or hormones that have effector action on the controlled condition

Negatie Feedback System

Reversal of changes in controlled condition

Positive feedback system

Strengthening/Reinforcement of changes in controlled condition

high blood pressure

example of situation where negative feedback loops are used

child birth, extreme blood loss, blood clotting

Examples (3) of situation where possitive feedback loops are used

fairly stable over long periods of time

negative feedback loops are used in to regulate contions that

do not happen often

posistive feedback loops are used in to regulate contions that

Anatomical Position

Standard Position of Reference for the human body

Prone

lying face down

Supine

lying face up

Head, Neck, Trunk, Upper Limbs, Lower limbs

5 principle regions of the body

Chest, Abdomen, Pelvis

The trunk contains the ___, ___ and ___

Arm

Body part between shoulder and elbow

Forearm

Body part between elbow and wrist

Thigh

Body part between buttocks and knee

Leg

Body part between knee and ankle

Directional Terms

Words that describe position of a body part in relation to another

Superior

Toward the head or upper part of a structure

Inferior

Away from the head or lower part of a stucture

Anterior

Nearer to the Front of the body

Posterior

Nearer to the back of the body

Medial

Nearer to the midline of the body (in the L/R plane)

Lateral

Further from the midline of the body (in the L/R plane)

Intermediate

Between two structure

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body as another structure

Contalateral

On the opposite side of the body as another structure

Proximal

Nearing to the origination of a structure (trunk)

Distal

Further from the origination of a structure (trunk)

Superficial

Towards the surface of the body

Deep

Away from the surface of the body

Planes

imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts

Sagittal Plane

vertical plane that divides right and left sides

midsagittal plane

plane that excusively divides the right and left sides equally

parasagittal plane

plane that divides the right and left sides unequally

frontal (coronal) plane

plane that divides anterior and posterior

traverse plane

plane that divides the superior and inferior

oblique plane

any plane that passes through the body at any angle other than 90

Section

cut of the body or one of its organs made along a plane

Body Cavities

spaces that enclose internal organs

Cranial Cavity

formed by cranial bones, contains the brain

Vertebral Canal

formed by the vertabrae, contains spinal cord

Thoracic Cavity

formed by ribs, sternum and chest muscles, contains pleural cavities and mediastium

Pleural Cavity

2 fluid filled spaces that surround each lung

mediastinum

anatomical region in the cental part of the thoracic cavity containing all thoracic organs except lungs themselves

Pericardial Cavity

Within the mediastium, fluid filled space that surrounds the heart

Diaphragm

Dome shaped muscle that seperates Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Cavity

Abdominopelvic Cavity

From Diaphragm to groin, encircled by abdominal muscular wall, pelvic floor, and pelvis

Abdominal Cavity

Superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity containing stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, small intestine and most of the large intestine

Pelvic Cavity

Inferior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity containing urinary bladder, portion of the large intestine, and any internal reproductive organs

Viscera

Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are referred to as _____

Membrane

Thin pliable tissue that covers, lines, and partitions or connects structures

Serous membrane

slippery double layered membrane w. no direct exterior contact

Parietal layer of Serous Membrane

Thin epithelium that lines walls of cavities

Visceral layer of Serous Membrane

Thin epithelium that covers and adheres to visera within the cavities

Serous Fluid

encompasses potential space between the 2 epithelial layers and allows viscera to slide during movement

Pleura

The Serous membrane of the pleural cavity

Pericardium

The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity

Peritoneum

The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

Retroperitoneal

Abdominal organs that are not encased within the peritoneum

kidney, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, ascending and decending LI, and portions of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava

Organs that are retroperitoneal (6)