BIOL 198 Module 4

central dogma of biology

DNA is transcribed to RNA, RNA is translated to protein

pairings of amino acids DNA to RNA

G to C, T to A, A to U

which molecule contains codons

mRNA

Which molecule contains anticondons

tRNA

What molecule reads codons

RNA polymerase

mutation definition

changes to an organisms DNA

T/F: species evolve because of the accumulation of mutations that occur over time

True

genotype

allele combination

phenotype

expressed alleles

Meiosis steps

G1, S(DNA is replicated, G2, *Prophase1,*Metaphase1,*Anaphase1,*Telophase1, **Prophase2, **Metaphase2, **Anaphase, **Telophase

Diploid

cells that have two copies of each chromosome(dominant allele and recessive allele in homologous chromosomes

haploid

cells that have one copy of each chromosome

what phase in meiosis does the ploidy change?

telophase 1

chromatid

attaches sister chromosomes together

homologous chromosomes

matched pairs of chromosomes

T/F homologous chromosomes possess the same genes in the same order, but might have different alleles

True; all genes are in the same location/order on both, but some might be dominant or recessive

centromere

contains spindle fibers that pull chromosomes apart

law of independent assortment

orientation of each pairs of homologous chromosomes is random(X*X^ or X^X*)

allele

gene variants (that arise by mutation) and exist at the same location on homologous chromosomes

law of segregation of alleles

a parent gives one allele to each of its gametes

dominant

those alleles that are inherited and unchanged

recessive

traits that become latent or don't appear

monohybrid cross

cross between 2 organisms with different variations in only 1 single gene/locus

dihybrid cross

a cross between 2 organisms with different variations in 2 genes/locus

linked genes

two genes located on the same chromosome

autosomes

non sex determining

X-linked

genes that are linked to X chomosome(on the X chromosome)

incomplete dominance

offspring exhibit a blend of their parents traits

Example of incomplete dominance

a mommy red flower and a daddy white flower love each other so much. The have a baby. The baby is fully pink flower

codominance

both alleles are simultaneously expressed

example of codominance

a black cow and a white cow love each other very much. They have a baby cow. That cow has white and black spots

gamete

sex cells, haploid

locus

location of a gene on a chromosome

microevolution

change in allele frequencies that occur over time within a population

gene pool

all the alleles for a single gene/all the genes in a population

allele frequency

how common an allele is in a population. p + q = 1

genotype frequency

how common a genotype is in a population. p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

p

dominant allele frequency

q

recessive allele frequency

p^2

homozygous dominant genotype

2pq

heterozygous genotype

q^2

homozygous recessive genotype

hardy weihnburg Law

a populations allele and genotype frequencies are inherently stable unless some evolutionary force acts upon the population

conditions of hardy wienberg

infinite population size, no gene flow, no mutation, no natural selection, random mating

gene flow

flow of alleles in and out of a population due to migration of individuals and gametes

genetic drift

effect of chance/of an allele being "reproduced" out.

two types of genetic drift

bottleneck: genotypes get rid of it bey chance, and founder, organisms adapt to the organisms genotypes when they adapt to a new environment

What type of shirt was Mark Mayfield wearing when he taught us Module 4 class 1

Hawaiian

which microevolution forces are random

genetic drift, gene flow, mutation

which microevolution forces are non random

natural selection, non random mating(mating is not random, some ducks are more attractive than other ducks;)

reproductive isolating mechanism

organisms of different species can't mate/produce offspring. ex) an eagle and a horse cannot start a family outside of adoption

biological species concept

some species that don't look alike, can actually mate. ex)horse+donkey=mule

recombination

alleles on the same loci on homologous chromosomes cross over/switch 'sides'

male

XY

female

XX

genetic variance

diversity of alleles and phenotypes within a population

speciation

formation of 2 species from one species