Growth and Development ATI CHARTS

Physical Development in Infants

-6-9 lbs

-Lifts head (2 months)

-Rolls from back to side; grasps objects with both hands (4 months)

-Rolls from back to front (6 months)

-Sits Unassisted (8 months)

-Pulls to Standing (9 months)

-Cruises/Walks while holding something (11 months)

-Sits from a standing position without assistance (12 months)

Cognitive Development in Infants

Piaget: Sensorimotor stage (Birth - 24 months)

-Separation: infants learn to separate themselves from other objects in the environment

-Object Permanence

-Mental Representation: recognition of symbols

Psychosocial Development in Infants

Erikson: Trust vs Mistrust (Birth-1 yr)

-Begins to learn delayed gratification

-Trust developed through meeting needs

-Based on quality of caregiver-infant relatioship

Age-Appropriate Activities Infants

-Rattles

Teething toys

-Nesting toys

-Pat-a-cake

-Balls

-Mirrors

-Brightly colored toys

Health Screening for Infants

-Fine and gross motor skills

-Nutrition

-Injury Prevention

Nutrition for Infants

-Breast feeding provides complete diet for first 6 months

-Iron-fortified formula is an acceptable alternative

-Solids introduced 4 to 6 months

-Meats and citrus not introduced until after 6 months

-Table foods are appropriate at 1 year

-Weaning starts around 1 year when child shows readiness

Injury Prevention for Infants

-Aspiration

-Bodily Harm

-Burns

-Drowning

-Falls

-Poisoning

-MV injuries

-Suffocation

Health Promotion for Infants

-Car-seat rear facing until age 2

-Sleep patterns established by 3-4 months (14-15 hrs a day)

Physical Development in Toddlers

-Anterior fontanels close by 18 months

-Weight: Should weigh four X birth wt. at 30 months

-Height: Grow about 7.5cm (3in.) per year

-Head/Chest Circumference usually equal by 1 to 2 years of age

Cognitive Development in Toddlers

Piaget: Sensorimotor stage transitions to pre-operational stage around age 19-24 months

-Pre-operational stage does not allow for understanding of other viewpoints, but does allow for symbolizing objects and people to intimate previously seen activities

-Object permanence fully developed

-Have and demonstrate memories

-Domestic Mimicry (playing house)

Psychosocial Development in Toddlers

Erickson: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

-Independence

-Use of negative responses to express independence

-Ritualism, or maintaining routine

Age Appropriate Activities for Toddlers

-Playing with blocks

-Looking at books

-Push-pull toys

-Tossing balls

-Finger paints

-Large-piece puzzles

-Thick crayons

Health Promotion for Toddlers

-Immunizations

-Nutrition

-Sleep and rest

-Dental health

-Injury Prevention

Health Screening for Toddlers

-Well Child Check-Ups

-Dental Screenings

Nutrition for Toddlers

-24-30oz milk per day

-Limit juice to 4-6oz daily

-1 cup of fruit daily

-Avoid high fat and sugar foods

-Offer finger foods and small bite size pieces

-Provide routine meal times

Injury Prevention for Toddlers

-Aspiration of foreign objects

-Bodily Harm

-Burns

-Drowning

-Falls

-Motor-vehicle injuries

-Poisoning

-Suffocation

Physical Development in Preschoolers

3 year old:

Ht: 95 cm

Wt:14.5 kg

rides a tricycle

jumps off bottom step

stands on one foot for few seconds

4 year old:

Ht: 103 cm

Wt: 16.5 kg

Skips and hops on one foot

Throws ball overhead

Catches ball reliably

5 year old:

Ht: 110 cm

Wt: 18.5 kg

Jumps rope

Walks backward with heel to toe

Throws and catches ball with ease

Cognitive Development in Preschoolers

Piaget: Preoperational

-Magical thinking

-Animism

-Centration

-Time

-Vocabulary of about 2100 words

-Language becomes primary mode of communication

Psychosocial Development in Preschoolers

-Erikson: Initiative vs. Guilt

-Kohlberg: at end of preschool stage start understanding justice and fairness

Age Appropriate Activities for Preschoolers

-Playing ball

-Putting puzzles together

-Riding tricycles

-Roles playing

-Hand puppets

-Painting

-Reading books

-Sand boxes

-Musical toys

Health Screening for Preschoolers

-Nutrition

-Injury prevention

-Dental health

-Sleep and rest

Nutrition for Preschoolers

-Can be picky eaters.

-Need 13-19 g protein/day

-Adequate calcium, iron, folate, vitamin A and C

-Watch screen time and make sure preschoolers get 5 servings of fruits and vegs a day.

Injury Prevention for Preschoolers

-Bodily harm

-Burns

-Drowning

-Motor vehicle injuries (teach pedestrian safety)

Physical Development in School Age Children

-Gain 2-3 kg and 5 cm per year

-Prepubescence-particularly in girls

-Differences in rate of growth for girls and boys becomes apparent

-Increased immunity

-Bones ossify

Cognitive Development in School Age Children

Piaget: Concrete Operations

-Transitions from perceptual to conceptual thinking

-Learns to tell time

-Classifies more complex information

-Able to see the perspective of others

-Able to solve problems

Psychosocial Development in School Age Children

Erikson: Industry vs. inferiority

-A sense of industry-achieved when knowledge and skills are acquired and the child can contribute in a meaningful way to society.

-Moral development: Early school age-don't yet understand reason behind rules

-Later school age-able to judge intentions

Age Appropriate Activities for School Age Children

-Board games/card games

-Play hopscotch

-Jump rope

-Collections

-Ride bikes

-Build models

-Join organized sports

Health Screening for School Age Children and Adolescents

Scoliosis

Nutrition for School Age Children

-Adult portions

Obesity prevention:

-No food rewards

-Physical activity

-Limit screen time

-Balanced diet with 5 servings of fruits and vegs.

-Avoid over use of fast food

-Avoid skipping meals

-Model healthy behavior

Injury Prevention for School Age Children

-Bodily harm

-Burns

-Drowning

-Motor-vehicle

-Poisoning-substance abuse

Physical Development in Adolescence

-20-25% of height is achieved during puberty

-Acne and body odor appear

-Review order of sexual maturation of boys and girls

-Girls stop growing 2-2.5 years after menarche

-Boys stop growing typically around 18-20 years of age

Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Formal operations:

-Can think through more than 2 variables

-Can evaluate own thinking

Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

-Identity vs. Role Confusion

-Personal identity

-Group identity-friendships become solidified.

-Sexual identity-dating and relationships

Age Appropriate Activities for Adolescence

-Video Games

-Reading

-Music (big!)

-Social Activities (big!)

-Sports

-Career training

Nutrition for Adolescence

-Rapid growth requires more calories, protein, and vitamins such as calcium, zinc, and iron.

-Eating disorders become apparent during this age group

-Height, weight, BMI screenings.

-Require more sleep

-Dental screenings

-Sexuality screening/info

Injury Prevention for Adolescence

-Bodily harm (gun safety, suicide screening)

-Burns (fire safety)

-Drowning-swimming safety

-Motor Vehicle Safety-adolescents are learning to drive. Safety while driving should be included in teaching.

-healSubstance abuse screening and education.