cross-cultural psychology chapter 8

What is the common term for the developmental period during which an individual has achieved the adult status prescribed by norms and laws of a particular society?

adulthood

In all cultures, what three psychological features does adulthood represent?

maturity, responsibility, and accountability

The term "________" refers to the rituals that recognize an individual's movement from one status to another.

rites of passage

What is the name of the process by which an individual becomes a member of a particular culture and takes on its values, beliefs, and behaviors?

socialization

Parents expect their children to acquire particular skills (such as walking, talking, etc.) by certain ages. What is this set of expectations called?

developmental time-table

Name of the theoretical view that suggests adults acquire attitudes & behaviors early in life & tend not to change them later?

the persistence model

More than 3,300 adolescents from 12 countries responded to the question about how many children they would love to have in the future. In most countries, on average, adolescents preferred to have how many children?

between 2-3

Piaget proposed several stages of development that appear to be how applicable across cultures?

universal

Erikson's theory of socialization is better applied to societies that practice a certain type of socialization emphasizing what?

independence and free self-expression

The lowest mortality rate these days is found in what country?

Iceland

Qualitative research in New Zealand with Samoan men shows that the overt expression of emotion or feelings toward children was generally regarded as improper because, as fathers tended to believe, _______________.

children have to learn the value of humility

Societal expectations affect the way people interpret intelligence. For example, in Western cultures, fluid intelligence is particularly valued. Which of the following most accurately characterizes fluid intelligence?

the ability to form concepts, think abstractly, and apply knowledge to new situations

Studies show that collectivism is positively correlated with what style of parenting?

authoritarian style of parenting

Jean Piaget's comparative studies have been criticized because of some controversy related to the age of his subjects. What specifically did this criticism refer to?

accurate birth dates were not always available

One of criticisms of the Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that the developmental stages are too closely linked with Western values. Which two values were specifically mentioned?

liberalism and individualism

Critics of Piaget's theory maintain that he provoked a temptation to interpret some developmental stages as more valuable than others. Which stage might appear as most valuable?

formal operations

A study found that more than 50 percent of Southeast Asian parents reported having used physical punishment of their children at some point. True or False?

true

Cross-culturally, girls mature as much as two years later than boys. True or False?

false

Psychologists recognize that, across cultures, the socialization process stops at the age of 25. True or False?

false

Levy's (1996) research on parental expectations revealed that, in societies that are small, egalitarian, and with little occupational specialization, children are expected to learn "on their own." True or False?

true

Studies of immigrants to the United States show that identity concerns only occupy people's minds during adolescence (as Erikson predicted) and not later in life. True or False?

false

In a cross-cultural context, Jean Piaget's theory accurately explains how children deal with conservation of volume, weight, and amount. True or False?

true

A major criticism of Kohlberg's studies of moral development is based on the fact that the stories used in the experiments primarily related to American subjects. True or False?

true

The Hindu religious tradition emphasizes a distinct separation between developmental stages (such as infancy, early childhood, and middle childhood). True or False?

false

Cross-culturally, when a couple expects a child, boys are desired more often than girls. True or False?

true

Across cultures, a child's early temperament is primarily a function of what?

biology

What major factors contribute to the quality of life?

availability of food, type of living conditions, quality of education, and presence/absence of violence

Name one life stage that is not necessarily recognized in all countries (but recognized in relatively wealthy countries).

adolesence

According to Erikson's theory, a maturing individual is expected to progress through various stages and each stage is characterized by a particular_______________.

conflict, problem, or crisis that needs resolution

A study that examined Kohlberg's theory of moral development in 27 countries concluded that some stages are universal. Which stages?

stage 1- preconventional level (right and wrong judgments are based on fear of punishment); stage 2 - preconventional level (moral conduct produces pleasure, whereas immoral conduct results in unwanted consequences); stage 3 - conventional level (any behavior is good if it is approved by significant others); stage 4 - conventional level (the existing laws determine what is moral and immoral)

Three forms of attachment are recognized across cultures. The first two are: "anxious and avoidant" and "anxious and resistant." What is the third?

securely attached